Macbeth- ‘Film Proposal’ Rationale

I was given the brief that, if I was a director how would I compose work on Macbeth on Act One, Scene Three of the play? I would begin by thinking on how I will present the following to the audience: the setting, the atmosphere, themes, characters and camera shots. I would decide to try and set the scene around 1000 AD and to do this I think that there should be no bright colours used. Traditional requirements need to be employed such as the transport would be by horse, and food which has been home produced e.g. chickens. To create the atmosphere I would require a large variety of types of music. For example, a sad atmosphere I might use soft music from a flute, the typical Scottish bagpipes might create a happy atmosphere, while during the witches' scene the sound of thunder could be heard in the background. In the third scene there are five different types of characters. I think that Macbeth and Banquo should both look strong and not cleanly shaven and I think that Macbeth should be very dirty, this would emphasize how ‘brave' (1.2.16) and ‘noble' (1.3.67) he is. Both Macbeth and Banquo's clothes should be torn in places and looking exhausted. Macbeth could have a bearded? Ross and Angus need to have a clearer appearance and both should be cleanly shaven. All four of these characters should all speak very clearly to remind the audience the time of the setting of the play. I would like the three witches to look extremely ugly with facial hair i.e. moustache, long fingernails, long scruffy hair and warts. The uses of masks could make them look very unattractive. They should speak very ‘crockery' and very slowing and abnormal. I would want to highlight a number of themes, one of them being the theme of supernatural. This theme is brought up during the witch's scene at the beginning of scene three. I would like the audience to believe that they are inhuman and ‘weird' (1.3.30). I will create this theme by making the witch's unclear with the use of smoke therefore things which are unclear in that sense are abnormal/supernatural. I will also use special effects to make the three ‘witches vanish' (1.3.77). Their general appearance as described above will make them look extremely mythical. I think that I would need to highlight the theme ‘light against dark', this is what he says to other characters (light) and what he expresses to the audience what other characters can't hear (dark). This theme is used a number of times during the play and is used twice during the third scene. Macbeth hides his excitement and a clear example of this is when Macbeth quotes to Ross, ‘Why do you dress me in borrow'd robes?' (1.3.107-108), this robe symbolizes his new title: Thane of Cawdor. While on line 117, Macbeth, aside, appears to be very excited by new potential titles and quotes, ‘Glamis and Thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind.' (1.3.116-117), this statement is only expressed to the audience.

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Perform Research Steven Harking Professional Communications/GAUGES 7/24/14 Lori Thomas Professional Communications What exactly is self-marketing? Before we can properly understand what this means, first we must take a look at the current conditions in the Job-market. Over the years, it has grown increasingly competitive. Marketing methods are constantly being enhanced and improved in an effort to reach consumers.Every year, millions of undergraduate and graduate students enter the workforce to compete with more experienced workers in our country. Not only are they competing with more skilled errors in our country, but now with a globalizes market, they are competing with workers who live overseas as well. This is where Self-marketing comes into play. Another way of thinking about self-marketing is personal-branding.Self-marketing uses certain branding tools to create a positive desired image around you the employee rather than a specific product. Using these tools effectively can he lp separate yourself from thousands of other potential candidates and employees by allowing you to: highlighting your experiences, networking with employers, and alluding profiles where you can show off examples of your work. Social Networking sites, blobs, and professional conferences, are specific examples of platforms you can use to help accomplish this.Backbone is a great place to start. Most of us already use Backbone and so you already are somewhat familiar with their protocols. Something I have done is created a page where I can market my research on health too larger audience. It is called Health Over Wealth and on this page, I share articles about how to live healthy. These articles can range from things like the science Enid a good night's rest, all the way to ideas for vegetable and fruit smoothies.It is easy to create your own page, it is free, and it can be used as a great self-marketing tool. Instead off focus on health like I have done, you can use it as a portfolio o f sorts to showcase your strengths and assets as a potential employee towards the industry of your preference! Chances are you already have a good amount of friends of Backbone. Any one of those friends has friends of their own who you have not met yet. When your friends like your page they will see your page on their walls.Also, for example if you are at a Job fair and are handing out resumes, you can communicate to the different employers there that you have a profile on Backbone that showcases your strengths in more detail. Internet marketing is a big deal and a valued skill to many employers these days. If you can successfully market yourself, then a company will trust you to market their products on these same types of platforms. Another great tool to use that I actually learned in my first year at ITT is Linked In. Employers are well aware of Linked In and actively search for employees on this site.In fact, Linked In can be more useful to you then Backbone because while Backbo ne has many different uses, Linked In is more specific in its use as primarily a Job marketing tool. Something I really like about Linked In is that you can meet and network with many individuals all over the world that are in your industry and learn from them. You can check out their pages and see how they are marketing themselves and draw from those techniques. You can find a senior vice president from a multi-million dollar company and see how they brand themselves!

Creative Accounting

The term of creative accounting refers to select accounting methods for the preparation of financial statement that provide the result desired by the accounting preparers. Especially when the firms are under a financial difficulty, the need of creativity would be very apparent because it might be difficult for parties such as auditors, with an oversight function, to report that the account preparers are doing anything wrong (Deegan, 2010). When the economy is moving into recession, the most companies are likely to manipulate their financial statement to be in the upward direction in order for the favourable profit by overstating the asset and understating the liability. b) No, the roles and responsibilities of auditors and regulators are very vital at improving control. Auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the policies and process are designed and operating effectively and provide recommendations for improvement. They also help to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the organizations risk management processes. They may prepare a comprehensive assessment of any wrong doing that might lead the organization into financial loss. As for the role of regulators, they will determine how best to cause firms subject to their jurisdiction to develop control policies and procedures to meet the performance objectives. In fact, auditors and regulators are part of the pillars of corporate governance. The auditors and regulators definitely work to predict the warning of the recession and give notification to the company. However, they could not be in position to finish final decision and to control every improvement and process. Just like the HIH insurance case, the directors still make wrong decision, even if there was the concurrence of the actuaries and the auditors. It does not matter how efficiently they played their role, it matters how efficiently the four pillars which are boarder of directors, management, auditors and regulators could be harmonized with. In other word, this failure should not be the reason to reduce the roles of auditors and regulators. Creative Accounting The term of creative accounting refers to select accounting methods for the preparation of financial statement that provide the result desired by the accounting preparers. Especially when the firms are under a financial difficulty, the need of creativity would be very apparent because it might be difficult for parties such as auditors, with an oversight function, to report that the account preparers are doing anything wrong (Deegan, 2010). When the economy is moving into recession, the most companies are likely to manipulate their financial statement to be in the upward direction in order for the favourable profit by overstating the asset and understating the liability. b) No, the roles and responsibilities of auditors and regulators are very vital at improving control. Auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the policies and process are designed and operating effectively and provide recommendations for improvement. They also help to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the organizations risk management processes. They may prepare a comprehensive assessment of any wrong doing that might lead the organization into financial loss. As for the role of regulators, they will determine how best to cause firms subject to their jurisdiction to develop control policies and procedures to meet the performance objectives. In fact, auditors and regulators are part of the pillars of corporate governance. The auditors and regulators definitely work to predict the warning of the recession and give notification to the company. However, they could not be in position to finish final decision and to control every improvement and process. Just like the HIH insurance case, the directors still make wrong decision, even if there was the concurrence of the actuaries and the auditors. It does not matter how efficiently they played their role, it matters how efficiently the four pillars which are boarder of directors, management, auditors and regulators could be harmonized with. In other word, this failure should not be the reason to reduce the roles of auditors and regulators.

Aristotle and Modes of Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aristotle and Modes of Persuasion - Essay Example This essay takes an inauguration speech of USC President C.L. Max Nikias, in which he was attempting to convince his audience that it is time for some sweeping change in direction at the university in just about every facet of its operation, and analyses it using Aristotle's modes of persuasion. It was Aristotle who first identified ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos sounds like ethics and can be thought of as the ethics or character of the person speaking. â€Å"Aristotle says that if we believe that a speaker has ‘good sense, good moral character, and goodwill,’ we are inclined to believe what that speaker says to us†. Since it is almost impossible for us to know people to the same degree as they might have way back then, we tend to depend on the speaker’s credentials – their professional associations, the work that they’ve done, any awards they’ve received. Pathos sounds a little bit like passion and refers to an appeal to the audienceâ €™s emotions. What Aristotle recognized was that people are often moved more by their emotions than they are by their reason. â€Å"Appeals to the emotions and passions are a very effective rhetorical technique, and very common in our society. Many advertisements for consumer goods aim at making us insecure about our attractiveness or social acceptability, and then offer a remedy for this feeling in the form of a product†. Some of the most common emotions that are appealed to are anger, fear and pity because these emotions move people most. Logos sounds like logic and that is what is intended. Logical reasoning means making an argument based on rational thought. An example might be â€Å"if A + B = C and D + B = C then A and D are the same.† Although it might be possible to prove this statement is true mathematically, it is not always the case that logical reasoning is undeniably true. â€Å"Rhetorical arguments are often based on probabilities rather than certain truth †¦ Persuasion, to a large extent, involves convincing people to accept our assumptions as probably true. Similarly, exposing questionable assumptions in someone else’s argument is an effective means for preparing the audience to accept your own contrary position† (Edlund, 2003). While these three elements of a persuasive argument can be pulled out and discussed individually, in reality, they tend to function together. Within his speech to the students, Dr. Nikias combines all of these elements together in his attempt to convince his audience that he is about to lead this

Clara Barton Second Draft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clara Barton Second Draft - Essay Example Barton became involved with dealing with wounded soldiers behind the lines during the American Civil War, firstly distributing supplies and later searching for the fallen of the Union army. In 1864, thanks to her tireless efforts on the battlefield, Barton was promoted to superintendent of nurses. Her role in assisting casualties was of extreme importance, as Tooker underlines. He underlines that ‘volunteers, such as Barton, provided an invaluable service early in the war until larger charitable organizations, such as the U.S. Sanitary Commission, were able to assist the Union Army on providing basic necessities, sanitation and medical support for the troops’. (Tooker, 2007 p.220) After the war ended, as a result of her work and her determination to see the official list of the dead (copied in secret by a soldier – Dorence Atwater – and known as the ‘Atwater list’) published, she became known as the Angel of the Battle field. To recover from her exertions during the war, Barton travelled to Switzerland in 1869 for a peaceful break in Europe. However, when the Franco-Prussian war broke out in 1870, Barton once again took to the battlefield to help the injured, working with the International Committee of the Red Cross. Egglestone (2003: p.172) describes Barton’s activities in this period; ‘she followed German troops into Strasbourg after [a] 30-day siege and remained there for six months whilst setting up relief programs for the sick and wounded’. Upon returning to the US in 1973, Barton was determined to establish a similar organisation in her own country. However it took seven long years for her to persuade the American establishment that such an organisation was needed. Many Americans believed that their country would never again face a war as bloody as the Civil War, but Barton managed to gain recognition for the organisation by arguing that it could be useful not just in war time, but also in

Space Cowboys Film and Genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Space Cowboys Film and Genre - Essay Example This film has been penned by Ken Kaufman and Howard Klausner of which Clint Eastwood has given superb direction. This is a pretty entertaining and one of the more rambunctious films that have been directed by Eastwood whereby they have clearly explored the idea with vitality and a sense of dynamism. The movie has put a very unique kind of spin on the formula that the longer one lives; the lesser is his worth with the passage of time. The story is set from the scene of 1958 in which pilots Frank Corvin played by Clint Eastwood himself and Hawk Hawkins, by Tommy Lee Jones are members of Team Daedalus, which is an elite Air Force group that is bent upon testing the high-altitude planes as well as dreaming of becoming the first American astronauts to do so. It is unfortunate to mention here that when this very dream does not see the light of the day, Frank starts blaming Bob Gerson, played by James Cromwell who is his commander for betraying him in the middle of the accomplishment of the dream mentioned above. After duration of four decades now, this same individual has become a NASA big shot who has got a huge problem up his sleeves. A huge Soviet satellite, which is named Ikon, has become dysfunctional and is threatening to fall out of orbit and then crash into the region of the earth. Indeed, it is true that similar in notion to the confusion surrounding the US space agency and its affiliates, this guidance system for the satellite is in more ways than one quite similar to that with one of Skylab that was initially put in place by Frank Corvin.

Router and IP Addresses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Router and IP Addresses - Assignment Example (Ramasamy 2007). An interface is a physical connector on the router (usually connected to multiple networks) used for receiving and forwarding packets (Ramasamy 2007). Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Token Ring to Serial and ISDN ports are some examples of interfaces in a router. Each interface has its own IP address different from the other interfaces in the same router. Summation of the number of all the IP addresses of the interfaces connected to the router gives the number of IP addresses a router has. Link-state and distance-vector routing algorithms Routing algorithms, also known as routing protocols are formulas used by routers in order to determine the best and appropriate path onto which packet are to be forwarded. Besides determining the appropriate path, routing protocols also specifies how changes in the network are reported by the router to other routers in the network in addition to information sharing among the routers. Generally routing protocols are used to dynamically communicate information about all the network paths travelled in order to reach a destination. It then uses the information to select the best path to reach a destination in the network. ... It requires minimal configuration and low memory overhead. On the other hand, the link state algorithm determines best routing path by calculating the state of each link in a path and selects the path that has the lowest total metric to reach destination. It requires a higher memory footprint. Link state algorithm knows whether a link is up or down, besides the speed of the link. This enables it to accurately calculate the cost to reach a specified destination within a network. It uses speed of the links in the path as the first priority over distance as compared to distance vector algorithm. Link state algorithm would choose to travel a path with more hops but of high speed than a few hops of low speed in order to reach its destination over a network unlike the distance vector algorithm which chooses the shortest possible distance to reach a destination irrespective of the speed of the links in the paths chosen. For this reason, a link state routing algorithm is much faster than the distance vector algorithm if all the links in the network have the same speed. Distance vector algorithm would be preferable in a case where the links in the network has different speed since it employs a more direct route with fewer hops unlike the link state algorithm. Ping Command Type in the command prompt window â€Å"ping www.google.com† My IP address 192.168.0.103 Google IP address 74.125.236.178 Approximate round trip time in milliseconds Minimum=446ms Maximum=664 ms Average=536ms Trace route (tracert) Command The average round trip delay= 461.0 ms. Maximum=429 ms. Minimum=418ms .It is different from that of ping (536ms) Hops=22, Routers= 22-2(source

Ethics and Corporate Governance in Al Hilal Bank Term Paper

Ethics and Corporate Governance in Al Hilal Bank - Term Paper Example Responsibilities of the board should not be taken lightly. The overall responsibility of a bank is with the board including approving the banking strategies, risk strategies, corporate governance, and corporate values. All the financial soundness of the bank is on the board. The board should check the whole strategy of the bank taking into account all the risk and effective planning to reduce the risks and its capacity to cope with risks efficiently. The board must take into account and must know the legitimate interest of shareholders, stockholders, depositors, and their relevant customers. Also, the effective relationship with the supervisor should also be maintained properly. Board of directors should practice their duties of conduct and duties of loyalty followed by keeping up with a change in the bank’s business and external environment. A responsible behavior proves to be an essential foundation in good governance. So the board should carry its responsibilities effectively maintaining professional standards that ensure integrity for management and other employees. Low-key employees and other workers should be allowed to communicate about illegal and unethical practices as such practices can negatively impact on bank’s reputation and profile. Important steps should be taken to communicate throughout the bank and professional standers to without any danger report concerns or violation of any particular body. By applicable laws and regulations the board can elect and if necessary can replace the senior management if it sees that they are not performing their required task properly. The senior management actions and activities should be monitored consistently to check whether they are working in their frame. The meeting with senior management should be held regularly. A board should demand critical explanations and ask questions if found necessary related to their assigned tasks. It should make sure that senior management performance should be consistent with the long-term objective, banking strategies and financial soundness of a bank. Senior management expertise and knowledge should be appropriate given the nature of the bank and its profile.

Electronic Healthcare Record Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Electronic Healthcare Record - Research Paper Example As such, the current standards that exist are focussed on ensuring that the EHR are interoperable and they allow the practice to showcase meaningful use. The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology’s (ONC) is on the forefront to seek ways that will propagate interoperability in vendor’s EHR systems. As such, they have backed up the Clinical Document Architecture (CLA) Continuity of Care Document (CCD) of Health Level 7 International (HL7) (EHR Intelligence, 2013). Other standard’s initiatives include: the standardization of healthcare vocabularies; transport through email protocols that are secure; services through transparent and accessible application programming interfaces (API’s); privacy and security through the implementation of standards set out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is recommended that EHR systems should be implemented by hospitals and clinics so as to improve on the quality of care. As such, below is the step by step guide while implementing EHR systems (USDHHS, 2013). This step involves: conducting an assessment of the EHR system need; outlining the goals and objectives to be achieved when the EHR system has been implemented and determining the financial capability to implement the EHR system. The second step involves planning how the EHR will be implemented successfully. Moreover, the goals and objectives mentioned in step one should be reviewed so as to ensure that the plan is efficient and effective. Other factors that need to be reviewed include: the information security policy template; EHR workflow process mapping and implementation and the workflow redesign templates. The third step involves selecting the best EHR that suits the practice processes and operations. It is important for the practice to implement an EHR system that has been certified so as to avoid

Cloud Computing in Telecommunications Research Paper

Cloud Computing in Telecommunications - Research Paper Example In addition, cloud computing has successfully changed the dimensions of telecommunication (Weiss; Koehler, Kraemer and Anandasivam). In today’s global world where new standards and technologies are offered everyday each and every organization is trying its level best to make use of cloud computing. Additionally, the idea of cloud computing is already adopted in various fields. According to a research, cloud environment will be adopted in a large number of corporations and enterprises in upcoming years. In fact, cloud computing is already been adopted in various sectors such as telecommunication and information technology which resulted in significant growth and profit generation (Phukan). In this way the telecom sector is much energized about the scenario of cloud environment. In addition, the telecom sector will acquire numerous competitive advantages from networking operations along with modern technological aspects. Hence it will become easy for them to play an imperative r ole in the rapid growing world of cloud computing environment (Phukan). Significant Factors We can examine numerous opportunities of cloud environment in telecom corporations with various factors. Therefore, we focus more on those factors that are helpful in making telecommunication an important player in this rising domain. ... The second most important aspect deals with recognizing the future situations on the basis of which telecommunication will establish its position in the marketplace (Koehler, Kraemer and Anandasivam). Major aspects of Cloud Computing There are various aspects of cloud computing which are necessary to make telecom sector more productive. These 3 aspects facilitate customers in reference of cloud environment. This thing includes various critical factors: Software as a Service (SaaS) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Platform as a Ser v ice (PaaS) However, the network service providers might facilitate regarding connectivity related issues in a cloud landscape. In this way a numbers of telecommunication applications will be moved to the infrastructure that meets the criteria of cloud computing environment. But those who will not be able to shift will be delivered as Software as a Service that is usually abbreviated as (SaaS). In this scenario, the adoption of cloud environment in telec omm sector will benefit telecomm corporations and their operators. Thus this advance technological aspect will be helpful in developing vendors’ controlled services; in fact it is beneficial for those clouds operators that do not want to make investment for running their cloud operations (Gabrielsson, Hubertsson and Mas). In addition, the internet protocol (IP) communications along with componentized environment of the software products that are used by telecom sector and service providers is perfect one for cloud environment. As we know that promising technologies of service architectures like IP multimedia subsystems that is abbreviated as (IMS) as well as next generation networks that is abbreviated as (NGN) will facilitate in strengthening their position in

Clothing Design And Manufacture Work Placement Report Essay

Clothing Design And Manufacture Work Placement Report - Essay Example Harvey Nichols has stores in London,Edinburg City Centre, Birmingham and Dublin.   Additional stores are located in Saudi, Arabia, Hong Kong, Dubai and Istanbul.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harvey Nichols began in 1813, as a small linen shop on the corner of Knightsbridge,with a single owner, Benjamin Harvey.   Soon after, Colonel Nichols joined, with hism exquisite imports of oriental rugs and silks.   The organization was purchased by the Burton Group in the 1980s and later, by the Dickson Group.   It returned to private ownership in 2003, by Hong Kong businessman Dr. Dickson Poon.   By the end of the fiscal year, in March 2007, â€Å"sales totaled 166.7 million pounds†(Business Week). The flagship store in London offers a restaurant, bar, wine shop and food market.  The organization opened its first stand-alone restaurant in 1996, in Oxo Tower.   In 1999, it opened Prism, in the financial district of London.   Future locations of stores include Bristol, J akarta and Indonesia.   Harvey Nichols has won numerous advertising awards, with its unique approach and style.   Opportunities for employment range from chef to fashion buyer.   The possibilities within the organization are limitless.   The Harvey Nichols web site includes many of the current product offerings, as well as a portal for journalists to obtain the most current information regarding new product release and current events.   It is estimated that â€Å"7,873 visit harveynichols.com daily†(statbrain.com).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Arguments for and against GM crops Essay Example for Free

Arguments for and against GM crops Essay GM crops are genetically modified crops that have been genetically enhanced using modern biotechnology to carry one or more beneficial new traits. 1. What is the difference between GM and conventional plant breeding? Conventional plant breeding involves changing the genes of a plant so that a new and better variety is developed. New varieties of plants are bred to suit different climate conditions, improve taste or nutritional value, cope with disease or pests better, or to use water or nutrients more efficiently for example. Breeding using genetic modification (GM) also involves changing the genes of a plant so that a new and better variety is developed. It is done for the same reasons as conventional breeding. The key difference is that instead of randomly mixing genes, which occurs as a result of a sexual cross, a specific gene, which is associated with a desirable trait, is selected and inserted directly into the new plant variety. 1. What is a Pharma crops? Pharma crops are genetically engineered to produce pharmaceutical drugs. Rather than manufacturing such substances by chemical methods, the idea is to turn farmed plants into mini-factories that can mass produce medicines and other chemicals cheaply and much more efficiently. Trials of this technology have used conventional farm plants, such as maize or soya. 1. The GM supporters argue that GM crops: -Help to feed the developing world and this is a social/ economic/ political effect. This is because GM crops help increase the yield of crops for the farmers and thus benefit food distribution and benefit the country’s economy. -Are cost effective and this is social/ economic/ political effects. This is because they become more commercially available and there is wider availability. The seeds also have a resistance to disease and therefore farmers also save on insect resistance. GM crops also lower the costs of production by reducing inputs of machinery, fuel, and chemical pesticides. In addition, due to more effective pest control, crop yields are often higher. -Could benefit human health and this is related to health. This is because GM crops eradicate disease so it therefore does not create human health issues as they can repel viruses and fungi and are less toxic. -Could reduce pesticide and herbicide use and this is environmental, health, social/ economic/ political effects. This is because they have improved traits and therefore are resistant to viruses and fungi. They also increase the yield of crops and thus, do not require herbicides and so reduce costs. -Could help preserve natural habitats is environmental. This is because the efficiency gains from GM crops will place less pressure on wild or natural habitats and thereby help preserves biodiversity. In addition, Eutrophication is prevented as less fertiliser is used. The people against GM claim that: -There will not be enough to feed the world which is health and social/economic/political effects. This is because GM seeds are much more expensive than conventional seeds and therefore means the poor cannot afford them, and thus they cannot be fed. In addition the soybeans, corn, and cotton crops that are mainly produced are not crops that will help feed most of the world. -It could damage organic farmers which are social/ economical/ political effects. This is because organic farmers still spray the bt toxin on the plants whereas GM already have the bt gene encoded in the plant and therefore does not require the toxin. Therefore less people buy the organic produce and buy more of the GM produce. -It could increase herbicide and pesticide use which is environmental, health, social/ economic/ political effects. This is because even though GM plants do use fewer chemicals in the first few years, afterwards they use considerably more chemicals, as was reported in the U. S. In addition with bt corn, it required more pesticide as most pesticides are directed at other corn pests. -It could reduce biodiversity which is environmental. It can do this because it is resistant to viruses, fungi and contains toxins which therefore mean the natural environment affected as the insects and bacterium lose their food source which results in a lesser population and thus, affects the consumers like birds and so on. -It mainly benefits big biotech companies which are social/economical/ political effects. This is because they claim most of the profit for the GM seeds and these companies are also concentrating their efforts in high-volume crops, such as soybeans, corn, and cotton, and not in crops that might help feed the billions of people who live in poor countries. -It raises ethical conflicts over the control of food production which is social/ economical/ political effects. Examples of these are; 1. The possible monopolisation of the world food market by large multinational companies that control the distribution of GM seeds. 2. Using genes from animals in plant foods may pose ethical, philosophical or religious problems. For example, eating traces of genetic material from pork could be a problem for certain religious or cultural groups. 3. Animal welfare could be adversely affected. For example, cows given more potent GM growth hormones could suffer from health problems related to growth or metabolism. 4. New GM organisms could be patented so that life itself could become commercial property through patenting. Show preview only The above preview is un.

Market Analysis for Buffet Restaurant

Market Analysis for Buffet Restaurant The creation of a unique, innovative, entertaining, mid scale atmosphere that will differentiate us from the competition. The highest quality food is unbelievably low prices in a clean, fun environment. Controlling costs at all times, in all areas. Hiring the best people available, training, motivating and encouraging them, and thereby retaining the friendliest, most efficient staff possible. Section II: Business description Mission: We want our guests to have the total experience when visiting Enjoy with us. Not only will our guests receive a great meal, they will also be provided with a fun atmosphere. We will be doing unique things (such as serving all you can eat) that will set us apart from the competition. We will want the dining experience to be as pleasing to the senses as it is to the palate. Our main focus will be serving quality food at a great value. We will feature a large selection of freshly prepared food, most in full view of our guests. The purpose is service that customer satisfaction is paramount. Particularly, we want to be the restaurant of choice for everyone: families and singles, young and old, male or female. On the other hand, employee welfare will be important to our success. We want our employee to feel a part of the success of Enjoy with us. Happy employees make happy guests. Similarly, we will combine menu variety, atmosphere, ambiance, and friendly staff to create a sense of place in order to reach our goal of overall value in entertainment experience. Why do we think tourists come our shop? First of all, as we know, Singapore is a country includes 3 national (India, Chinese, and Malaysia). So, this reason is very comfortable to attract travelers come to Singapore. We think when they travel to Singapore; they want to try traditional food in this country surely. Consequently, we will decide to business Buffet restaurant. With Buffet restaurant, customer can try 3 kinds of food of 3 different national easily. Secondly, we would like to open this restaurant called Enjoy with us!!!. This means when customers come with us, they can enjoy their taste by themselves wholeheartedly. Lastly, we choose our business in Sentosa because this place is most tourists will come during their tour surely. It will take place around 1,000 square meters and totally designed to reflect and describe all kinds of food in 3 national. Our short term goal is to catch people interested and slowly gain market share from other restaurant. Our long term goal is to be well known in the world. This means when people talk about restaurant in Singapore, they will think about our restaurant immediately. Start up fund: S$5 Million investment As we know, Sentosa is an icon of Singapore, so the rental will be very expensive (around S$300,000). Moreover, our business is new, so we need to use about 10% of the budget cost to build our brand name (around S$500,000). Furthermore, this restaurant business plan is prepared to obtain financing for the initial launch of this concept. The financing is required to begin work on kitchen design, architectural plans, manuals and recipe books, site selection, equipment purchases, and to cover expenses in the first year of business (around S$2,000,000). In addition to the capital contributions, it will allow buffet restaurant to successfully open and maintain operations through year one. On the other hand, concentration will be on maintaining quality and establishing a strong identity in each local market. Similarly, we also need to pay management fees and salaries to staff (around S$900,000 for first year). Besides that, we need to require cash and long term asset (around S$1,000,000). Consequently, our business will need about S$5 million. Section III: Marketing A. Research and analysis: Target market (customer) identified: In looking at our market analysis, we have defined the following groups as targeted segments. Below are our targeted market segments: Age: Seniors, young married couples with children, teenagers, citizens. (Especially foreigners) Gender: we will equally target both sexes. Income: We will appeal to the high side of low income individuals and to all in the middle income bracket. By our definition, we will have very broad appeal for our concept. It is our goal to be the restaurant of choice for the largest dining audience in Asia and Europe. Singapore has more than 10 millions tourism arrivals in 2008. With the number of tourism arrival to Singapore like that, this condition has advantage to our business. Furthermore, with our restaurants seating almost 400 people, however, we hope it will have an average of 300 customers everyday for the first year and to grow 20% each year. It is our goal to have something for everyone everyday on our menu. Particularly, we need to maintain our loyalty as we should focus on their changing needs and menu choices. Besides that, our lunch strategy is dual purposed. As we know, some kinds people do not have lunch time, from that reason, we want to keep the price point at lunch as low as possible to keep us in competition with fast food restaurant. Not only do our guests get a sandwich, drink, and fries but also a salad, dessert and a selection of hot food items. On the other hand, we can reduce the hot food assortment from dinner; we will be able to keep our food cost in line with the reduced price. Consequently, we think this is a strategy that will broaden our customer base at lunch while still maintaining our core market segment. 2) Market needs: Our business is Buffet restaurant, so we think we need to focus on: Seeks strong value. Wants variety and flavor in its food. Looks for speed of service. Wants an entertaining dining experience. Insists upon a clean, friendly, and attractive dining environment. 3) Competitive advantages: As we know, Singapore is a country which attract tourists come and travel. Furthermore, they want to spend leisure time. This factor contributed to the large demand for good restaurant in Singapore today. From that reasons, the competition is strong. Due to intense competition, our restaurant must look for ways to differentiate their place in order to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage. a) Competitive comparison: In competing against the casual theme restaurant, we will have the following advantages: Lower price point for a complete meal. There will be no tipping at Enjoy with us, we are self service. Speed of service: no waiting for food. Everything will be readily available: hot, fresh, and cooked as requested. We will provide more entertainment than our competition. There will be something for everyone, everyday of the week. There will be no confusing menu board when guests arrive at our restaurant. We have made it simple: one price, everything included b) Technology: we will invest in a high speed computer to provide a fast and comfortable connection to link to our cash registers. We will also order online, email, and have a Web page. B. Marketing plan: 1) Market strategy sales and distribution: Our main focus in marketing will be to increase customer awareness in the surrounding community. We will direct all of our tactics and programs toward the goal of explaining who we are and what we are all about. We will price our products fairly, keep our standards high. Price strategy: All menu items are moderately priced. Sales strategy: The sales strategy is to build and open new locations on schedule in order to increase revenue. 2) Pricing and opening hours: Buffet Breakfast (6.00 am to 11.00am, Mon to Sun) : Adults $20, Child $10 Buffet Lunch (12.00 noon to 2.30pm, Mon to Sun): Adults $ 30, Child $ 15 Buffet Dinner (6.30 pm to 5.30 pm, Mon to Sat) : Adults $ 40, Child $ 25 Especially Buffet (6.30 pm to 11.00 pm) : Adults $ 50, Child $30 Note: Child = 5-12 years old. Free for accompanied child under 5 years old. All prices subject to 10% service charge and 7% GST. Prices subject to change. Our business includes: Buffet Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. Particularly, we have 1 special service that always serves every Sunday. This service will free flow of soft drinks juices, draft beer and selected wines and champagne. 3) Advertising and promotion: Our business is new, so we need to have a good marketing plan to compete with them. Im going to use 10% of the budget cost which is 1/2 million to build our brand name. You will see our advertising everywhere, on television, on train, on the bus and news paper and also in the magazine of Singapore airlines, Tiger airways, Jetstar airlines. Website is not very important as we dont provide online purchase but we should have a nicely designed web to let people can do a research Enjoy with us!!! Leaflets will be given at all MRTs for 1 working day from 5pm to 6 pm; this is the most crowded time when people are going home after works. Particularly, in Singapore, they trade so many restaurants. Consequently, let to our business for advantages, we will have strategy as: Does not have the widest variety of food but everything here is of great quality. Free flow of fresh fruit juice, e.g. mango, pink guava, apple juices; self serve from bottles chilled in crushed ice. To-die-for desserts and pastries youd wish you had 2 stomachs! Always give promotion and discount on weekend days or holidays. Always change and prepare different kinds of food. It will make interesting in customer. They can come again and again. Section IV: Operations Quality food: fresh food, home style care. Variety, Variety, Variety: A different menu for everyday of the week will feature. Self service: Every new guest will receive a guided tour explaining our concept and the self serve system. Friendly employees: our employees will be ringing dinner bells when fresh foods come out. Furthermore, we will dress uniform that our customers can organize us easily. Reduced dinner pricing: on Monday Thursday, the dinner price will be slightly lower than on Fri/Sat/Sun. On the other hand, our principal owner will offer outside ownership in Enjoy with us!!! on an equity, debt, or combination basis in order to facilitate the start up and growth of our restaurant. Start up: Kitchen design Architecture plans Training: this will cover training of employees and management as well as cleaning and organizing the restaurant to opening. Manuals/Handbooks/Recipes. Building/ Land/ Equipment: we can build from ground up or we can do conversions from existing or close restaurants. Number of staffs: 10 managers, 5 securities, 15 waitresses, 5 bartenders, 2 receptionists, 2 cashiers, 3 chef, 5 cook helper. Location and facilities: Sentosa is the best place to open this kind of business because traveler can discover our shop easier and they can enjoy easily. With this location, we can attract customer from oversea and also citizen. They can come our restaurant on weekend to relax. Proximity to supplies: Supply can get from Malaysia, China, India directly or intermediary in Singapore. Access to transportation: Transport of foods and materials by sea or plane. Moreover, we need to have warehouse storage to hold foods and materials. Section V: Management A. Management team: As our restaurant is small business, it requires a simple organizational structure. Implementation of this organization to make all of the major management decisions in addition to monitoring all other business activities Management Team Legal structure stock agreement, employment agreements, ownership: Carefully to partnership or corporation. Need to follow legal about business in Singapore. Need to clear about employment agreement, stock agreement. C. Board of directors, advisers, consultants: Board of director is the principal owner. They will offer outside ownership in Enjoy with us!!! to improve our restaurant. Section VI: Financial A. Financial plan: Sales: our restaurant will open on 1/1/2011. Cost of goods sold: The cost of goods sold was determined by taking actual Profit and Loss statements from various restaurant concepts and then using our pricing structure and guest counts to arrive at costs. Marketing Fees: these funds will be used for the production of various marketing materials. Advertising: these funds will be used to maintain our sales at projected levels. Management Fees: we will use these dollars for accounting and payroll services of our firm. Fixed and Variable Expensed: The various fixed and variable expenses were determined by taking actual numbers from restaurant. B. Important assumption: We assume a strong economy, without a major recession. We assume, of course, that there are no unforeseen changes in consumers tastes or interests to make our concept less competitive. C. Financial forecast: Because our budget is $5 millions. So we can calculate below: 1) Break even analysis: Variable costs: 25% Cost of goods sold : $1,250,000 17% Employee payroll : $ 850,000 0.25% Credit card charges : $ 12,500 0.33% marketing fees : $ 16,500 2% Management fees : $ 100,000 10% Advertising : $ 500,000 2% Management bonus : $100,000 3.03% Employee payroll taxes and benefits: $151,500 1.5% Paper and cleaning : $ 75.000 61.11% Total variable costs : $3,055,500 Annual fixed costs $170,000 Management salaries $37,000 Management payroll taxes and benefits $16,410 Group insurance $137,000 Controllable expenses minus credit card charges and paper/ cleaning $40,208 Other expenses minus marketing fees, advertising, and management fees $100,000 Depreciation $500,000 Rental $1,000,618 Total fixed costs Start up asset: Cash required : $ 200,000 Long term asset : $ 700,000 Total asset : $ 900,000 Total requirements = Total variable cost + Total fixed cost + Total asset = $3,055,500 + $1,000,618 + $900,000 = $4,956,118 2) Profit and Loss: With an estimate of 300 customers everyday and to grow 20% each year (1.67% per month), lets say 1 customer will spend at least $40. We can see profit and loss account below: From profit and loss table, we can see: Payback period = Y + A/B YÂÂ  = the number ofÂÂ  years before final payback year. In the example, Y = 5 years.ÂÂ   AÂÂ  = Total remaining to be paid back at the start of the payback year, to bring cumulative cash flow to 0,ÂÂ  A = $4,956,118 ($145,747 + $427,447 + $765,487 + $1,171,135 + $1,657,913) = $788,389 BÂÂ  = Total (net) paid back in the entire payback year. B = $2,242,046 So, payback period = 5 + $788,389/$2,242,046 = 5.35 years or 5 years and 4 months In conclusion, our business will take back our capital after 5 years and 4 months. Section VII: Critical risks 1) Challenges: Because our business will be opened in Singapore which attracts different countries come and enjoy. Our challenges will service many kinds people and always have to make them comfortable and enjoy themselves when they come our restaurant. Consequently, we always need to update new ideas and try to have a good service. On the other hand, our purpose wants to make earn lots of money; we need to overcome challenges to have a good business 2) Risks and Contingency: Potential risks Trigger Contingency plan Food Related Lawsuits Our restaurant can be sued after a customer becomes after eating and contracting a food borne illness. Safe handling of food is an important priority for our restaurant. Liquor Liability If we serve beer, wine or other liquor. Need to test quality before sale products. Be sure we are protected from lawsuits resulting from alcohol related incidents. Property Risks Operating a restaurant often includes considerable equipment, building improvements and food stock. We need to buy insurance Price Need to cutting by competitors With Competitors, they will do anything to survive. So we always need to control the price. Number of customer Our plan needs 300 customer/day. Maybe, number of customer will not come enough. In this case, our management team will sit back to find out the reason. It could be caused by price or our marketing program was not effective, or it may be customer-service problems. Delay to complete the business plan When we will plan, maybe time for activities will be delayed This risk is very important. It directly affects all other progresses of the business. Production manager will be aware of this to make sure the chance of this risk equals to zero. Kitchen and electrical fire Overloaded or malfunctioning electrical equipment is a particular risk for our restaurant. Prevention is our best insurance! Be sure that we have appropriate fire suppression systems in place and maintained. Insurance companies typically require that our heat producing cooking equipment, particularly grease sources (fryers, grills, ranges), have aÂÂ  wet chemical fire suppression system and vent hood overhead. Section VIII: Harvest strategy segment Marketing strategy: Advertising is still word of mouth Promotion strategy: 3 different marketing tactics: Word of mouth/ in store marketing. Local Store Marketing (LSM) Local media Positioning Statement: It will be to increase customer awareness in the surrounding community. Pricing strategy: All menu items are moderately priced. Sales Strategy: the sales strategy is to build and open new locations on schedule in order to increase revenue. Sales forecast: opening day for our store is scheduled on 1st January, 2011. Section X: References Book: Federick, Howard (2006). Entrepreneurship: theory, process, and practice. Australia: Michael Tully. p.p.269 276. Website: Anon. (2010). Is your Restaurant a safe Investment? Available: http://www.quoteaustininsurance.com/pages/home/restaurant.php. Last accessed 3th May 2010. Anon. (2010). Singapore Tourism Board. Available: https://app.stb.gov.sg/asp/index.asp. Last accessed 3th May 2010. Anon. (2010). My tax portal. Available: https://mytax.iras.gov.sg/ESVWeb/default.aspx. Last accessed 3th May 2010. Anon. (2010). Which is the Best Buffet in Singapore?. Available: http://www.etour-singapore.com/buffet-in-singapore.html. Last accessed 3th May 2010.

Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology Essay

Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology Essay Abstract This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of selected vegetables (bitter gourd, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, green pepper, sweet peas, long beans and tomato). Vegetables were boiled for 10 minutes. The juices of both raw and boiled vegetables were extracted and titrated with 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution. The volume of each juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was measured and the vitamin C content was determined. The same procedure was repeated with other types of vegetables. The statistical t-test (paired sample) showed that the vitamin C content of raw vegetables is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetables. The results support the hypothesis; boiling reduces the vitamin C content of vegetables. Cumulative word count: 135 Research and Rationale Vitamin C is needed for growth, the healings of wounds, and the repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth. It is essential in the formation of collagen, a structural protein needed in the synthesis of skin, scar tissue, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels.  [1]  The antioxidant activity of vitamin C reduces the damage caused by free radicals, which contribute to aging, cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.  [2]  Vitamin C improves resistance to infection and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases by raising the level of blood high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol.  [3]  4 The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is approximately 90mg for men and 75mg for women.2 Vitamin C must be consumed through our diet because it is not stored in our body. Since it is water soluble, excessive amounts of vitamin C are excreted via urine.1 Deficiency in vitamin C can lead to scurvy.  [5]  Sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits and fresh vegetables.  [6]   Cumulative word count: 337 The main biologically active form of vitamin C is ascorbic acid. In this experiment, the presence of ascorbic acid is indicated by a redox dye, DCPIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol).  [7]  DCPIP reacts with ascorbic acid in a 1:1 ratio. Ascorbic acid, being a reducing agent, reduces the DCPIP, while ascorbic acid itself is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid DCPIP (blue) Reduced DCPIP (Colourless) Figure 1: The oxidation of ascorbic acid and reduction of DCPIP  [8]   The end-point of this DCPIP titration is when the blue colour of DCPIP disappears, forming a colourless solution which persists for 10 seconds or more.8 This method is chosen because DCPIP is less toxic. It is assumed that the vegetable tissue component which reduces the DCPIP rapidly is vitamin C. Cumulative word count: 495 Traditionally, vegetables are cooked to destroy germs, to soften the food so that it can be easily digested, to make them look attractive and to enhance the taste.  [9]  1011However, the stability of vitamin C is affected by exposure to air or light, presence of metals or heat and alkalinity. Marzena et al (2007) reported that boiling caused a reduction in vitamin C content (3.68 mg/100g in potatoes and 2.38mg/100g in carrots)  [12]  . This experiment was aimed to compare the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables, thus determining the best method of consuming them so that the intake of vitamin C is maximised. Vegetables selected are those which are eaten raw or after being boiled by Malaysians. Vegetables such as broccoli and green pepper were selected because of their high vitamin C content so that the loss of vitamin C during boiling is more significant. Furthermore, the vitamin C content of cooking water of broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and tomato were also determined to identify whether the vitamin C content was lost due to heat from boiling or leaching into the cooking water. These vegetables were chosen because they are the typical ingredients to make vegetable soup. Some people rarely eat raw vegetables.  [13]  14The results from this experiment can be used as evidence that eating fresh, raw vegetables are healthier as they contain more nutritional values. Consuming boiled vegetables may result in a lower intake of vitamin C because the water used for boiling is usually discarded. Thus, it may also be advisable to use the cooking water as a soup base to prevent wastage of vitamin C. Cumulative word count: 855 Experimental Hypothesis The vitamin C content of the raw vegetables is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetables. Null Hypothesis There is no significant difference between the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables. Variables Manipulated: State of vegetables (raw, boiled) Responding: Volume of vegetable juice needed to decolourise 1cm3 DCPIP solution Fixed: Type and concentration of vegetable juice, length of exposure to air after blending the juice, volume of 0.1% DCPIP solution, standard vitamin C solution, boiling time and amount of water used for boiling. Apparatus Test tubes, test tube rack, 500ml volumetric flask, pipette (to measure accurately to 1cm3), burette, pestle and mortar, measuring balance, glass rod, 200ml beaker, blender, a stainless steel pot and stove. Materials 0.1% DCPIP solution, vitamin C tablet, distilled water, muslin cloth and eight different types of vegetables listed in Table 5. Cumulative word count: 995 Planning A trial experiment was conducted using cabbage to determine the most suitable method of manipulating the variable. The vitamin C was extracted by blending 100g cabbage in 100ml distilled water using a commercial blender. The juice extracted was then boiled for 10 minutes. Another 100g of cabbage was boiled in 100ml cooking water for the same period of time. The boiled cabbage was blended to extract its juice. The control experiment was carried out using raw cabbage juice. Cabbage Volume of cabbage juice needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution (ml) Raw 9.70 Blended, then boiled 11.30 Boiled, then blended 15.75 Table 1: Results for the different methods used to determine the volume of juice needed The results show that boiling the cabbage before blending it had the most significant effect on the vitamin C content. Besides, this is the conventional way of cooking. Thus, the method of boiling before blending was used. The ratio of cabbage to cooking water to be used was identified. 100g of cabbage was added to either 100ml (1:1 ratio) or 200ml (1:2 ratios) distilled water and boiled. Cabbage Cabbage to cooking water ratio Volume of juice needed (ml) Raw 9.70 Boiled 1:1 1:2 13.65 15.85 Table 2: The volume of cabbage juice needed with respect to different cabbage to cooking water ratio Based on table 2, when a ratio of 1:1 was used, the difference in volume of juice was small. Thus, the cabbage to water ratio was changed to 1:2 so that the effect was more significant. Cumulative word count: 1251 The most suitable concentration of DCPIP solution to be used was determined. 0.1g of DCPIP was dissolved in either 100ml or 10ml distilled water. Volume of distilled water (ml) Concentration of DCPIP solution (%) Volume of cabbage juice needed (ml) Raw Boiled 100 0.1 9.7 15.7 10 1.0 34.6 54.0 Table 3: The volume of cabbage juices needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution with respect to different concentration of DCPIP solution DCPIP solution of concentration 0.1% was used because a smaller volume of cabbage juice is needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution. This makes the procedure easier and shortens the experimental time. Cumulative word count: 1354 Real Experimental Procedures I Preparing standard vitamin C solution A vitamin C tablet was crushed into fine powder with a pestle and mortar. 62.5mg of the vitamin C powder was weighed using a measuring balance. The powder was dissolved in a 200ml beaker by adding 10ml portions of distilled water. The solution was stirred using a glass rod. The solution was transferred into a 500ml volumetric flask. The beaker and glass rod were rinsed with successive portions of distilled water and the washings was transferred into the flask. The solution was made up to mark using a dropper. The solution is now exactly 0.125 mg of ascorbic acid per cm3 of solution. Steps 2 to 4 were repeated to prepare different concentrations of vitamin C solution listed in Table 4 using different amounts of vitamin C powder. II Preparing standard curve of vitamin C 1cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution was pipette into a test tube. A burette was filled with 0.125 mg cm-3 vitamin C solution. The vitamin C solution was added drop by drop into the test tube containing DCPIP solution until the blue DCPIP decolourises. The tube was shaken gently after each drop. The volume of vitamin C solution needed was measured. The procedure was repeated twice to get an average titre. Steps 1 to 4 were repeated using vitamin C solution of concentrations listed in Table 4. A standard vitamin C curve (Graph 1) was plotted based on the result. Cumulative word count: 1608 III Identifying the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables The non-edible parts of a bitter gourd were removed. 100g of bitter gourd was blended in 100ml distilled water using a commercial blender and was filtered using a muslin cloth. The volume of the freshly extracted vegetable juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was determined using steps 1 to 4 in Experiment II. 100g of bitter guard was boiled for 10 minutes in 200ml boiling water using a 5-inch-deep stainless steel pot. After 10 minutes, the boiled bitter gourd was immediately removed from the cooking water and cooled by immersing in an ice-cold water bath for 5 minutes. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated using the boiled vegetables. This experiment was repeated with the other vegetables listed in Table 5. The vitamin C content of all vegetables was calculated using the standard vitamin C curve. The data of volume needed and vitamin C content were tabulated. A graph of vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables was plotted. A t-test was used to statistically analyse the data. IV Identifying how vitamin C is loss The cooking water of broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and tomato was collected. 200ml distilled water was added to the cooking water. It was cooled by immersing in an ice-cold water bath for 5 minutes. Steps 1 to 4 in Experiment II and steps 8 and 9 in Experiment III were repeated using the cooking water. The difference between vitamin C content of vegetables before and after boiling (inclusive of its cooking water) was calculated. A graph of vitamin C content of cooking water was plotted. Cumulative word count: 1895 Safety Precautions Heat resistant gloves were worn when dealing with boiled vegetables. Laboratory coat and goggles were worn to prevent the DCPIP solution and vitamin C solution or vegetable juices from staining the clothes or skin, or getting into the eyes. All glasswares such as test tubes, pipette and beakers were handled with extra care since the apparatus could break easily and cause injury. When using the burette, care must be taken to ensure that no air bubbles were trapped at the jet which may affect the accuracy of the titre. Cumulative word count: 1990 Results I Preparing standard vitamin C solution Mass of vitamin C powder (mg) Concentration of Vitamin C solution (mg cm-3) Volume of vitamin C solution (ml) 1 2 3 Average 62.5 0.125 10.30 10.20 10.20 10.20 125.0 0.250 5.20 5.20 5.15 5.20 187.5 0.375 4.00 4.05 4.00 4.00 250.0 0.500 2.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 312.5 0.625 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 375.0 0.750 1.40 1.35 1.50 1.40 Table 4: The mass of vitamin C powder needed for serial dilution and the volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution Cumulative word count: 2082 II Standard Vitamin C curve Cumulative word count: 2133Graph 1: Graph of volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution against concentration of Vitamin C III Calculating the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables From graph 1, vitamin C solution is needed to decolourise 1 cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution. Using the formula: where v = Volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution c = concentration of vitamin C solution k = constant It can be derived that: Thus, the vitamin C content of vegetables, c can be calculated by: Cumulative word count: 2219 Types of vegetables Volume needed to decolourise 1cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution (ml) Raw vegetables Boiled Vegetables 1 2 3 Average 1 2 3 Average Bitter gourd 2.40 2.55 2.45 2.50 4.20 4.05 4.10 4.10 Broccoli 4.25 4.20 4.15 4.20 6.20 6.15 6.20 6.20 Cabbage 9.70 9.55 9.60 9.60 15.60 15.80 15.75 15.70 Cauliflower 2.85 2.85 2.65 2.80 3.65 3.65 3.75 3.70 Green pepper 1.20 1.05 1.30 1.20 3.50 3.40 3.60 3.50 Sweet peas 4.25 4.40 4.25 4.30 9.00 9.00 8.80 8.90 Long beans 13.00 13.00 12.90 13.00 21.00 21.20 20.90 21.00 Tomato 0.55 0.70 0.60 0.60 1.85 2.00 1.90 1.90 Table 5: Volume of juices needed for different types of raw and boiled vegetables Types of vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Raw vegetables Boiled Vegetables Bitter gourd Broccoli Cabbage Cauliflower Green pepper Sweet peas Long beans Tomato Cumulative word count: 2387Table 6: Vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables Cumulative word count: 2430Figure 2: Bar chart of vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables IV Identifying how vitamin C is loss Cooking water Volume needed to decolourise 1cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution (ml) Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) 1 2 3 Average Broccoli 13.20 13.00 13.15 13.10 Cabbage 15.20 15.20 15.00 15.10 Cauliflower 15.70 15.85 15.80 15.80 Tomato 9.45 9.50 9.50 9.50 Table 7: The vitamin C content of cooking water Types of Vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Before boiling After boiling Difference = Before After (Raw Total) Raw Boiled Cooking water Total (Boiled + Cooking water) Broccoli 0.4277 -0.0009 Cabbage 0.2335 0.0460 Cauliflower 0.6004 -0.0425 Tomato 1.1369 -1.8631 Cumulative word count: 2553Table 8: Difference in total vitamin C content before and after boiling Cumulative word count: 2598Figure 3: Bar chart of vitamin C content of cooking water Statistical Analysis The paired sample t-test was used to analyse the data. Types of vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Difference, d = Raw Boiled Raw Boiled Bitter gourd 0.7200 0.4390 0.2810 Broccoli 0.4286 0.2903 0.1383 Cabbage 0.1875 0.1146 0.0729 Cauliflower 0.6429 0.4865 0.1564 Green pepper 1.5000 0.5143 0.9857 Sweet peas 0.4186 0.2022 0.2164 Long beans 0.1385 0.0857 0.0528 Tomato 3.0000 0.9474 2.0526 Table 7: Difference in vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables Cumulative word count: 2735The calculated t-value (2.005) shows it is significant whereby it exceeds the tabulated t-value, which is 1.895 (p Data Analysis The vitamin C content of raw vegetables is on average 0.4945 mg cm-3 higher than that of boiled vegetables. The percentage loss of vitamin C during boiling is 56.22%. Error bars displayed on Figure 2 represent the overall distribution of the data. Upper error bar for boiled vegetables does not overlap the range of value within error bar of raw vegetables. Thus, these two vitamin C content values differ significantly. Figure 2 shows that raw vegetables have higher vitamin C content than boiled vegetables, suggesting that it is best to eat raw vegetables rather than those boiled. Nevertheless, if vegetables were to be boiled, it is advisable to serve the vegetables with the cooking water since vitamin C is found in the cooking water after boiling (Figure 3). Cumulative word count: 2865 Boiling breaks down the cell wall of vegetables, causing their permeability to increase. Vitamin C, being water-soluble, leaches into the cooking water. This agrees with the data in Table 7 as vitamin C is found in the cooking water after boiling. The vitamin C is lost as the cooking water is discarded.  [15]   The reduction in vitamin C content of vegetables (including their cooking water) after boiling as shown in Table 8 agrees with the suggestion that vitamin C is lost due to thermal degradation.  [16]  17The high temperature of boiling water increases the rate of oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to L-dehydroascorbic acid. L-dehydroascorbic acid, being unstable, tends to undergo hydrolysis to form diketogulonic acid, a physiologically inactive compound. This suggests that heat produced during boiling can cause vitamin loss. Figure 4: The destruction of vitamin C  [18]   Burg Fraile (1995) reported that vitamin C can also be destroyed by enzymatic destruction and enzyme thermal deactivation reactions during home cooking.  [19]  20 Cumulative word count: 3123 However, the results differ for cabbage. Unlike the other three vegetables, the total vitamin C content of cabbage after boiling is 0.0460 mg cm-3 higher than that of raw cabbage. This may be due to the more complete extraction of juice as the cabbage tissue is softer after boiling. The results of my investigation are supported by a previous investigation by Podsedek A. et al (2007) on two varieties of red cabbage Koda and Kissendrup. The vitamin C content of vegetables decreased after boiling.  [21]   Cooking method Cooking time (min) Vegetable: water (g/ml) Koda Kissendrup Vitamin C content (mg/100g) Raw cabbage 72.56 62.00 In boiling water 20 1:2 23.74 26.77 20 1:1 33.61 38.36 10 1:1 31.74 38.72 Table 8: The effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of red cabbage Moreover, Carol Reiss (1993) reported an average of 21.75mg/100g ascorbic acid in the cooking water after boiling a cabbage. This agrees with my results that vitamin C is present in the cooking water after boiling.  [22]   Cumulative word count: 3360 Evaluation The tube was shaken gently and consistently during each experiment after each drop of vitamin C solution to allow rapid diffusion of vitamin C throughout the DCPIP solution. Shaking the tube too vigorously may cause oxygen from air to dissolve and oxidise the reduced DCPIP solution, restoring the blue colour. Then, an increased volume of vegetable juice may be needed. All vegetable juices, as well as those boiled, should be titrated with the DCPIP solution once they have been extracted because vitamin C is easily destroyed by the atmospheric oxygen via oxidation. The DCPIP solution must be freshly prepared on the day of experiment. The DCPIP solution was filtered to avoid any impurities suspending at the bottom of test tube. Similarly, the vegetable juice was filtered to remove the vegetable pulp which may clog the burette tap. The non-edible parts and damaged leaf or stem of the vegetable samples were removed. Vegetables were cut into small cubes of about the same size so that the surface area exposed to the cooking water is constant. They were added into the pot only after the water starts boiling to keep the boiling temperature and duration constant. A stainless steel pot was used as ordinary pots may have transition metals which may oxidise the ascorbic acid. Before starting the experiment, a rough titration was run to determine the exact colour change at the end point. For cauliflower, the colour may change from blue to pale yellow, which is the colour of the cauliflower juice. [Appendix] To minimise inaccuracy, the procedure was repeated to get an average titre. Eight types of vegetables were sampled to obtain enough replicates to support the hypothesis. A burette and pipette were used because of their high accuracy. Burette readings are accurate to 0.05cm3. Since two readings are taken, there is a combined error of  ± 0.1cm3. If the titre is 20.00cm3, the possible error due to apparatus is 0.5%. Cumulative word count: 3682 Limitations in this experiment include the ripeness, place of origin, storage and handling conditions of the vegetables.  [23]  The season of year and time of day from which the vegetables were picked were uncontrollable. They were bought from a hypermarket and were chosen based on their appearance such as colour and degree of damage. Modifications include repeating the experiment using other types of vegetables such as potatoes and carrots. Boiling may have different effects on different varieties of vegetables as their nutritional contents vary. Using only eight types of vegetables may give a wrong representation on the effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of all vegetables. The experiment can also be modified to investigate the effect of other cooking methods like deep-frying, steaming and microwave cooking on the vitamin C content of vegetables thus determining the best cooking method which results in minimal vitamin C loss. To ensure complete extraction of ascorbic acid, the vegetables can be blended with 5% metaphosphoric acid. This acid inactivates the enzyme ascorbic acid oxidase (an enzyme present in many plant tissue) which catalyses the oxidation of ascorbic acid when the cell components of a vegetable is mixed during blending.  [24]  25 Conclusion Boiling significantly reduces the vitamin C content of vegetables (by 56.22%). The vitamin C content of raw vegetable is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetable. Cumulative word count: 3947 Source Evaluation Source 4 is a published book with ten contributors. Hence, the information provided is reliable and factual unless it has become out-dated since it was published in 1993. Source 5 (The Star) is Malaysias most widely-read English-language daily. One of its pullouts, Fit for Life, provides up-to-date articles on diet and nutrition. Therefore, the information can be trusted. ScienceDirect (Source 10) offers more than 2,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than nine million full-text articles. EBSCO (Source 11) provides online information databases and has a renewal rate of 99.6%. Thus, these online-journal sources are trustable. Source 12 is a website produced by the National Library of Medicine, a part of the National Institutes of Health. It shares extensive information on over 800 diseases and health conditions, and is reviewed at least every 6 months. Thus, it should be reliable. Cumulative word count: 4087 Appendix Figure 2: The colour change at end point for cauliflower Cumulative word count: 4098

Essay --

Tough on criminals, soft on crime: power, drugs and the failure Over the recent past one of the major problems has been that of conflicts between the criminals and the society on the whole. There has been debate regarding the facts whether we have handled the problems more aptly or not. Because there are certain schools of thought that are of the opinion that we should not go soft on the crime side in any case or form. It is this world of the organized crime that is responsible for all the power abuse and the drugs and they have caused, instigated and at times bribed the people to bring the social system to a standstill. It is all their doing which can prove to be too costly for the people and the culture as well as for the economy on the whole in the long run. As per the conflict perspective, the differential structure of social power necessarily requires that dominant groups to exercise control over subordinate groups but is that really the case? Yes we do need some form of domin ance and the other over the period of time but is that really all that there is to life? In reality if we look at things this is the way we have begun to perceive things because a bigger and a better society needs people to be more open and they need to be more apt. They are the ones who have to look at the things and it is up to them to interpret the meanings of the things in the literal sense. If we start to believe that the people are going to dominate others and there are some who are very docile and innocuous and there are others who are good at governance and who are good at controlling things is that the good enough reason to allow them to do the things their way? In my opinion it should never be that way simply because those who have the power ... ... move all the time. It is about the nature of addiction and the ancillary crime associated with it, which causes so many people to get entangled in it all. Although there has been a lot of talk about the treatment and rehabilitation and the reason for that is that it is significantly less expensive and more effective. Public safety is something that is completely dependent on how well we are able to control the above-mentioned social evils because in front of them it becomes a secondary thing. Incarceration is not always the only solution that is available to the authorities because that may deter the world of organized crime but it does not strike at the very roots that it is founded on. That is the whole objective that we should avoid going soft on the world of crime at all costs if we want to have any chance of preserving the sanctity of the future generations.

The Feminine in William Butler Yeats Poetry Essay -- Poems Women femi

The Feminine in William Butler Yeats' Poetry William Butler Yeats had a long history of involvement with women. He was deeply affected by all types of women; from love interests with Mrs. Olivia Shakespear, Maud Gonne and her adopted daughter Iseult, to a partnership and friendship with Lady Gregory, to marriage with Georgie Hyde-Lees, and finally the birth of his own daughter Anne Yeats. These relationships are reflected in his poetry on many different and multi-layered levels. The mentions of women in his work gives the readers some historical content as well as show the development of his feminine idea. As different as his many relationships with women were, so was his reflection of them in his writing. Yeats took people he knew and transformed them into images and patterns of order (Unterecker 12). In this case, it is important to notice Yeats's use of biography within his poetry. In 1889, Yeats was introduced to Maud Gonne who became a central part of his life and major theme in his work. She was an adamant Irish nationalist and a beautiful woman to Yeats. He pursued her much of his life, only to be rejected repeatedly by her. In 1894 he met Mrs. Olivia Shakespear whom he regarded as a confidant, despite their short affair. Yeats found friendship and maternal caring in Lady Gregory. "She became for him an image of aristocratic courtesy" (Untereker 14). Yeats spent time at her estate, Coole Park, and traveled often with Lady Gregory and her son Robert. He became director of Abbey Theatre with Lady Gregory in 1906. In 1911 he met George Hyde-Lees and due to the encouragement of Mrs. Shakespear and Lady Gregory he proposes. Yeats married Georgia Hyde-Lees and on February 2 4, 1919 their daughter Anne was bo... ...ess. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Jeffares, Norman A. A New Commentary on the Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984. Keane, Patrick J. Yeats, Joyce, Ireland, and the Myth of the Devouring Female. MO: University of Missouri Press, 1988. Kline, Gloria C. The Last Courtly Lover: Yeats and the Idea of Woman. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1983. Stubbings, Diane. Anglo-Irish Modernism and the Maternal: From Yeats to Joyce. New York: Palgrave, 2000. Unterecker, John. A Reader's Guide to William Butler Yeats. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996. Whitaker, Thomas R. Swan and Shadow: Yeats's Dialogue with History. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1964. Yeats, W.B. The Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats. Ed. Richard J. Finneran. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

Polymer Chains

Name: Jeff Chudakoff Partners: Alejandra Garcia Date: 2 December 2011 TA: Mengbin Chen Skill Building Exercise #2 Answer the following questions: 1. What does it mean when a polymer is crosslinked? Crosslinked is one manner in which monomers link together. In this method, separate polymer chains are connected via bonds between the individual polymer chains. 2. We discussed how polymer linking and structure contribute to its properties. How would you expect the density, elasticity, and rigidity of a polymer that is branched to compare to one that is linear?I would expect the density of the linear polymer to be much higher than the density of the branched polymer, which I would expect to have low density. The branched structure, though, would be more elastic than the linear structure. The linear polymer would be expected to have more rigidity than the branched structure. 3. Consider the following polymer: a. Identify and draw the chemical formula of the monomer from which this polymer is made of. Clearly explain the criteria you used to identify the monomer. State how many carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens can be found in one monomer of this polymer. This is the monomer. C2H4O) In this monomer there are two carbons, four hydrogens, and one oxygen. I identified this as the monomer by looking for the repeating component of the polymer. b. This polymer is hydrophilic. Give a plausible reason for this behavior. Your explanation should be based on the molecular structure of the polymer, the molecular structure of water, and the interactions between molecules of these two substances. You should use terms such as polarity, polar bond, charge, interactions, attractions, repulsions or hydrogen bonds. However, you should use only those terms that apply to this situation.The polymer is surrounded by hydrogens via hydrogen bonds between the hydrogens and the carbons. This is a polar bond, resulting in hydrogen being relatively positively charged. Water molecules are also polar molecules. The oxygen has a relatively negative charge and, thus, would interact with the polymer. There would be attraction between the oxygen of the water and the hydrogens of the polymer, characterizing a hydrophilic property of the polymer. 4. Nylons are named with two numbers. c. What do the 6 and 10 represent in the name of your product?The 6 and 10 represent the number of carbons in the two polymer chains that are connected to construct the nylon. The first chain [N(CH2)6N] has six carbons, while the second [C(CH2)8C] has ten carbons. d. Draw the structure of nylon 5-12. 5. We did not calculate the percent yield for our nylon synthesis because we did not have time to fully dry the product, but it is an important aspect of synthesis. Another difficulty is that the polymer chain length can be variable, so the molecular weight of the monomer is used. e. Assume you began with exactly 20. 00 mL of each reactant.What is the limiting reagent? Show your work. 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0 . 5mol1L=0. 01mol Hexamethylenediamine 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0. 2mol1L=0. 004mol Sebacic Acid Since the mole ratio is 1:1, the one with less is the limiting reactant. Therefore, Sebacic Acid is the limiting reactant. f. What is the theoretical yield in grams of Nylon 6-10? The mole ratio is 1:1; so, we would expect to get the same amount of moles as the limiting reactant (0. 004mol) of Nylon 6-10. 0. 004mol Sebacoyl chloride ? 1 mol 6-10 nylon monomer1 mol Sebacoyl chloride? 282. 42g1mol 6-10 nylon monomer=1. 13 grams 6-10 nylon

Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman Democracy Essay

â€Å"One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by your inferiors.† – Plato The question at hand is whether there were any similarities that led to the fall of Ancient Greek and Roman democracies. This essay will discuss how wars and territorial expansion led to a rise in populism, which brought political chaos, and how it is the fundamental cause of the decline of democracy in Ancient Greece and Rome. The first forms of democracy started in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. In Ancient Greece, democracy and politics were more related to the Athenian city-state – because Sparta was more of a military dictatorship – than any other city-state in the region. As for Rome, the brief period between the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Empire, known as the Roman Republic, came to be a symbol of democracy in the Ancient Roman time period. Though democracy is defined as a form of government in which its people make decisions that directly influence their daily lives, the ancient forms of democracy were slightly different. It is clear that the Athenian city-state was more democratic than the Roman Republic, but both had forms of oligarchy that tampered with the image of ideal democracy. The Roman Republic had its Senate, and the Athenian city-state had its Areopagos, groups of aristocrats that usually dominated the region’s politics. Some sources even suggest that â€Å"Rome n ever became a democracy in the sense that they (the citizens) ever controlled the government for long.† But whatever democracy existed in these areas was short-lived. Even though these democracies existed in different time periods, they had similar reasons to their downfall. Scholars suggest that these democracies fell because of the sheer landmass each had to control after their numerous victories. The Roman Republic stretched the Italian Peninsula and controlled parts of Northern Africa; Athens ruled much of mainland Greece and the Ionian states (the Delian League basically put the Ionian states under Athenian subjection) along the Mediterranean coastline. The constitutions built for Athens and the Roman Republic were figuratively too small to control these newly added territories. Since the constitutions were made only to satisfy the populations of the homeland itself, the constitutions had gaps in which politicians abused, ultimately  leading to political corruption. Another cause reasoned for the downfall of democracies in both states is the democracies’ fallout with thei r common citizens. Citizens of Rome and Athens consequently wanted a single strong ruler after years of war had created panic among all levels of government. However, though these two reasons are valid, there was another significant cause for the fall of these two democracies. The rise of populism in both the Athenian city-state and the Roman Republic was crucial to the deterioration of their democracies. The Athenian city-state fought many wars such as the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian Wars. To fight these wars, the Athenians needed income. The common Athenian citizen had to fund the war, similar to the Roman Plebeians and their war taxes, creating heavy discrepancies between the rich and poor. This in turn paved the way for many populist reforms – reforms that favored the working class – most importantly, Pericles’ reforms. Pericles removed the property restrictions on army enlistment to provide more troops in the Athenian war machine. This reform, along with the previous reform of Cleisthenes that enlarged the Council of 400 to five-hundred people, allowed for the â€Å"†¦ involvement of a large part or even the whole of the citizen body in the state’s affairs,† giving the citizens too much power. Citizens, w hom had no experience in politics, started to make decisions for the Athenian public. This proved detrimental in Second Peloponnesian War, when Athens could not effectively place its troops because of quarrels within the Council of 500 (and a weakened Areopagos due to Pericles’ reforms), leading to a defeat that nearly crumbled the existing form of democracy in Athens. This inefficiency of the government moved citizens and thinkers, such as Plato, to view democracy as an ineffective form of rule. Citizens now shifted their sights to Macedonia as their only hope for survival. The case for the Roman Republic is similar. The plebeians funded wars which created discrepancies between the Patrician class and the Plebeians. This allowed the Patricians to dominate the state’s resources, such as land, which started to deteriorate the economy of the Republic. To counter these movements, reformers such as the Gracchus brothers and Gaius Marius turned to populist ideals to gain a strong plebeian holding. In trying to do so, the reformers disobeyed many of the constitution’s preexisting laws which brought  political instability: Tiberius Gracchus tried to illegally obtain another year as tribune, resulting in the first â€Å"daggers in the forum,† Gaius Gracchus tried to start a plebeian reform, which failed, and Gaius Marius and Sulla created a clash between the populares and optimares, creating conflict within Rome. These attempts at populist reforms seemingly started a trend within politicians to undermine the authority of the Roman constitution. Sulla was elected dictator for two consecutive terms – Roman law only allowed for a single term in case of national emergency – and Julius Caesar declared himself dictator-for-life and crossed the Rubicon into Rome with his troops, which were both illegal. All of these attempts at populist reforms created confusion amongst the Roman public, whom now viewed dictatorships more pleasurable than the current Republ ic mess. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Octavion took over, marking the end of the Roman Republic. As discussed above, wars were the backbone to the populist movements. It is important to note, however, that in Ancient Greece, the fall was associated more with the populist reforms itself, and that in Ancient Rome, the fall was associated more with the push for populism, rather than the reforms itself. Another rather interesting fact was that the increase in democracy in Greece actually led to the demise of the democracy itself. However, in all, populism was a common factor that brought the collapse of the democracies in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Roberts, J. M. â€Å"The Making of the Roman World.† The Penguin History of Europe. London, England: Penguin, 1997. 51. Print. [ 2 ]. Roberts, J. M. â€Å"Ancient Greece.† The Penguin History of Europe. London, England: Penguin, 1997. 31. Print. [ 3 ]. A term used to describe the first appearance of violence in the Roman General Assembly; it is blamed for start of the disregard of the Roman constitution by many politicians to follow.

Real Presence: Eucharist

The Eucharistic Presence also known as the communion and the Last Supper is a significant part of the Christian religion . The Protestants believe that the communion is merely for the remembrance and the thanksgiving of Jesus’s sacrifice for the people. However the Roman Catholics and the Orthodox believe that the ritual is a physical union, becoming one with Jesus by partaking in the eating of the body and bread. Jesus spoke â€Å"My flesh is true food, my blood is true drink,†(John 6:55) when the disciples were gathered for the Last Supper before Jesus died on the cross.The intention of Jesus’s saying was not of a metaphor but to be accepted literally which is done so by the Catholic church. The Eucharist is a sacrament of the last supper. It involves sacred elements that go through transubstantiation, a change in the substance, essence. This theological concept can be referred to as a Real Presence, in which the bread and wine changes its substance into body a nd blood along with the soul and divinity of Jesus. The concept of Real Presence was opposed during the reformation period of 1500 when there was a division within the church.Before the concept of transubstantiation was officially codified, the term was already assumed and accepted in the literal sense. The oppositions and the divisions in the church lead the church into forming an Ecumenical council in Trent and the Vatican Council of 1962 where Episcopal powers aimed to defend and reinforce the belief in Real Presence. The Eucharist as the Real Presence of Christ can be seen through the Eucharistic dogma provided by the the Council of Trent, Vatican II.Certain excerpts from scripture can be used to display the consistency of belief in the Eucharist as the literal blood and body of Jesus Christ. John Macquarrie in â€Å"Paths in Spirituality† consist of concepts of temporal, spatial, and personal presence can be used to support the dogma of Eucharist as Real Presence. The Eu charist involves a theological concept of transubstantiation which was a term created to explain the mystery of the liturgy practice. It is a compound word consisting of two words that mean change and substance. Therefore the meaning of the word is a change of substance.The substance refers to the uniqueness and the very nature of anything that exists. The accident refers to the eternal qualities that are subject to the senses. The substance of the bread and wine which is refered to as the â€Å"breadness† and the â€Å"wineness† transforms into the substance of the body and blood of Christ. However the appearance and the physical state of the bread and wine, which can be tasted, touched, smelled, all do not change. There are numerous writings by significant church figures to support the literal interpretation of the Eucharist as the Real Presence of Christ.This can be seen in the works of Ignatius of Antioch, he writes â€Å"Strive then to make use of one form of tha nksgiving, for the flesh of Our Lord Jesus Christ is one and one is the Chalice in the union of His Blood, one alter, one bishop. † Saint Augustine wrote â€Å"It was in His flesh that Christ walked among us and it is his flesh that he has given us to eat for our salvation† The early fathers of the church attested the belief in transubstantiation. The concept of transubstantiation was officially codified at the Council of Trent.Even before the council of Trent, the Eastern church used a similar concept in Greek called metaousious â€Å"change of substance. † Variations in the interpretations regarding the liturgy of Eucharist started to form. The Protestant reformation gave a rise to Constantiation which was formed by Martin Luther. The protest with the universal faith of Christians in the Real Presence began during the Protestant Reformation when Zwingli and Calvin refuted the concept of the real physical presence of Jesus in the Eucharist using their subjective interpretation of the text. Zwingli believed the Eucharist was just a symbolic experience.Calvin refuted that it was more than a symbol, but less than Jesus’ physical presence. He prefered a â€Å"spiritual† presence and never explained how this differed from the omnipresence of God. On the contrary, Luther protects the concept the Real Presence. Luther wrote: â€Å"Who, but the devil, hath granted such a license of wrestling the words of the holy Scripture? Who ever read in the Scriptures, that my body is the same as the sign of my body? Or, that is the same as it signifies? What language in the world ever spoke so? It is only then the devil, that imposeth upon us by these fanatical men. . . Not one of the Fathers, though so numerous, ever spoke as the Sacramentarians: not one of them ever said, It is only bread and wine; or, the body and blood of Christ is not there present. † Luther believed in Constantiation which was when the substance of the bread and win e remain the same, coexisting with the substance of Jesus’s blood and body. Eucharist as Real Presence can supported through biblical scriptures. The communion is for the receiving of Jesus into our bodies by eating his body and drinking his blood. In John 6:56 â€Å"He who eats my flesh and drinks my blood abides in me, and I in him. The word abide is significant in understanding transubstantiation. Jesus also uses the word â€Å"abide† in chapter fifteen when he mentions the vine and the vinedresser. The word abide in greek can also be translated as living. So Christ is living in those that have ate his flesh and drank of his blood. John Macquarrie in Paths in Spirituality supports the Eucharistic as Real Presence through three concepts of present reality. Presence has several different significations that are fundamental in understanding the concept of transubstantiation. The first one is temporal presence. In the Eucharist there is a presence in time.But the confl ict in this understanding is that The Last Supper happened two thousand years ago. So how would the church bridge the time in between? Macquarrie writes, â€Å"The Council of Trent, incidentally, used the word repraesentatio in connection with the Eucharist in the sense that it makes present again Christ’s saving work. We live between the Christ of history, of the historical incarnation, and the Christ of the future, the Christ who will come again with glory. But between times’ Christ is not absent. † Therefore in the Eucharist, Christ is fully, and physically present.Many protestants such as Bultmann, does not believe in the real, physical presence of Christ, rather a genuine presence in which Christ can only be revealed through the Word of God. But that is limiting the very possibility in Christ being present in many other ways. Where is Jesus present? God and Jesus is both omnipresent. But if God is present everywhere then what is the significance of Jesus be ing present in the bread and wine? Macquarrie inquires â€Å"But how can this be reconciled with the idea of a particular presence? † A universal presence of God is very hard to detect and recognize because he is simply everywhere.But if his presence is densed, localized and particularized into one area there will be â€Å"moments of intensity and meeting or encountering of God. Even in the Old Testament, God’s presence was localized in the Ark of the Covenant, where His presence was experienced with intensity. The church can be an another example of sacred space. Macquarrie claims, â€Å"If there was no particular places where one might find Christ present, I do not think he would be present anywhere. † Summation of the presences leads to the personal presence. It is a multidimensional presence where it is not limited to time and space.Christ can be revealed in the actions of his people. He is revealed in the community of the faithful, the body of Christ, â₠¬Å"sometimes called the extension of the incarnation. † Protestants receive the Eucharist as spiritual presence. however the spiritual presence is inferior to the personal presence. Personal presence has no limitations and boundaries in the human experience which includes spatial, temporal and even spiritual. Because the accidents of the elements do not change, there is no empirical verification, leaving the presence visible only to those that have eyes of faith.Many Christians abstain from the practice of Eucharist because they refuse to believe that the Eucharist is the real flesh of Jesus Christ. Even great Christian thinkers like Calvin believed in a limited presence of Christ in the communion. In disputing over the real presence in Eucharist through biblical justifications, divisions in the church started to form. â€Å"Interpretation of certain verses has been a source of division between Christians, and not only in creating separation between Catholics and Protestants. Luther and Calvin also stood in fundamental disagreement over the doctrine of the real presence in the elements, and these verses played no small part in that dispute. † However this was good for the church because they were able to filter out the different interpretations of the Eucharist. The Eucharist as the Real Presence of Christ can be seen through the Eucharistic dogma provided by the the Council of Trent, Vatican II. John Macquarrie in â€Å"Paths in Spirituality† can also assist further supporting the idea of real presence through the concepts of temporal, spatial, and personal presence.CITATIONS – Pope Paul VI, Encyclical Mysterium Fidei. 1965, St. Paul Books and Media, Boston, MA. p. 354. – St. Ignatius â€Å"Letter to the Romans,† J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, p. 405. – Luther’s Collected Works, Wittenburg Edition, Vol. VII, p. 391. – Foster, Paul. 2006. â€Å"Jesus, The Real Presence of God (John 6:35, 41 -51). † Expository Times 117, no. 10: 416-417. – Macquarrie, John. Paths in Spirituality. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. p. 83-93 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Pope Paul VI, Encyclical Mysterium Fidei. 1965, St.Paul Books and Media, Boston, MA. p. 354. [ 2 ]. Luther’s Collected Works, Wittenburg Edition, Vol. VII, p. 391. [ 3 ]. Macquarrie, John. Paths in Spirituality. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. p 84 [ 4 ]. Macquarrie, John. Paths in Spirituality. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. p 83 [ 5 ]. Macquarrie, John. Paths in Spirituality. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. p 84 [ 6 ]. Macquarrie, John. Paths in Spirituality. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. p 84 [ 7 ]. Foster, Paul. 2006. â€Å"Jesus, The Real Presence of God (John 6:35, 41-51). † Expository Times 117, no. 10: 416-417.