Market Analysis of Automobile Industry in India 2013 Essay

1. Introduction Automobile industry is the key driver of any growing economy. Due to its deep forward and backward relation with almost every segment of the economy, the industry has a string and positive multiplier effect and thus propels progress of a nation. With the falling demands for vehicles in most of the mature markets due to the global recession, high fuel costs and urban driving restrictions, the industry is focusing its attention on expanding middle classes in the new powerhouses of China, India, Brazil, and other growing nations. India’s per capita real GDP growth at 8.6% (CAGR) over the six year period 2005-2011 had contributed substantially towards raising the standard of living of households, which in turn had been one of the key drivers of growth for the country’s automobile industry. But over 2011-12 and 2012-13, inflationary conditions, firm interest rates, rising petrol prices as well as weak monsoons adversely impacted disposable incomes causing a consumption squee ze. [1] According to the global automotive executive survey 2013 done by KPMG, 86% of the respondents feel market growth in emerging nations is an important trend- a view shared by auto executives from both the TRIAD market(Japan, Western Europe and North America) and the BRICs. The developing markets along with e-mobility and the changing urban environment had brought about a change in the automobile industry. 56% of the respondents in the BRICs feel innovative urban vehicle design concepts are an important trend compared to 55% from the TRIADs. The Indian automobile market is one of the competitive markets with low costs, which make it an attractive assemble base for foreign automobile manufacturers. India is also the second fastest growing automobile market in the world after China.[2] 2. Market Segmentation The automobile industry has been broadly divided into the two wheelers, passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles and three wheelers. The various sub divisions of each segment is shown in the following figure 2.1. Figure 2.1. Market Segmentation of Automobile Industry Source http://www.ibef.org/download/Automotives-March-220313.pdf Source Figure 2.1. Market Segmentation of Automobile Industry Source http://www.ibef.org/download/Automotives-March-220313.pdf Source The two wheelers dominate the production volumes in FY 2012, which contributed for more than three quarters of the total automobiles production in the country. India is the world’s 2nd largest two wheeler producer and the 4th largest commercial vehicle producer. Figure 2.2. Market share by volume (FY12) Source http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/market-share.aspx 2. Passenger Vehicle Segments The segments in the passenger vehicle industry are done based on the price, utility and the length of each vehicle. There are different parameters based on which the cars available in the Indian market are categorized. The technically defining parameters are based on the length of the car, engine capacity, features offered, seating capacity and structure of the car etc. SIAM or Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers divides the Indian passenger vehicles in the segments A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B1, B2 and SUV. The classification is done solely based on the length of the automobiles. The details of the segments are mentioned as in table 2.1. Car Segment| Length of the car/Model type| Car model belonging to the segment| A1| Up to 3400mm| Nano| A2| 3401 to 4000mm| Alto, i10, Zen, Wagon R| A3| 4001 to 4500mm| Manza, Logan, Dzire, City| A4| 4501 to 4700mm| Corolla, Octavia, Optra| A5| 4701 to 5000mm| Accord, Camry, Sonata| A6| More than 5000 mm| Mercedes S class| B1| Vans| Versa, Omni| B2| MUV/MPV| Sumo, Innova| SUV| SUV| Vitara, CRV| Table 2.1. Passenger car segmentation based on length However, though it is simple and easy to divide the passenger cars based on their length, it is not at all practical. The price of a car isn’t determined by length only. A shorter car might be priced higher than a lengthier model. Also the features and configuration of the car models doesn’t depend on the car length. Hence, to avoid all the confusions the Indian passenger cars are popularly divided into the below mentioned segments according to the following properties, as in table 2.2. Car Segment| Distinguishing feature of the cars in this segment| Car model belonging to the segment| A| Cars priced below Rs. 3.5 Lakh| Alto, Spark, Nano, Eon| A1| Hatchback priced lower than Rs. 6 Lakh| Santro, Indica, Beat| A2| Hatchback priced between Rs. 6 to 7.5 Lakh| Ritz, i10, i20, Swift, Figo| B1| Vans| Versa, Omni| B2| MUV/MPV| Sumo, Innova| C1| Sedan models priced below Rs. 8 Lakh| Indigo, Fiesta, Sunny| C2| Sedan models priced between Rs. 8 to 9.5 Lakh| Verna, Manza, Linea| D1| Premium Sedan models priced below Rs. 15 Lakh| Fluence, Corolla| D2| Luxury Sedan models priced below Rs. 25 Lakh| Sonata, Camry, Kizashi| SUV| SUV| Vitara, CRV| Table 2.2. Passenger car segmentation based on price Body type is the other most popular factor for classification of passenger vehicles. This segmentation process is not only limited to the Indian sub-continent, this is a common method that enjoys popularity throughout the world. The segments we suggest according to the car body types and the pricing are mentioned as in table 2.4. Range| Pricing| Entry| Below 5 lakhs| Economy| 5-15 lakhs| Premium| 15-30 lakhs| Luxury| 30-60 lakhs| Super Luxury| 60 lakhs and above| Table 2.3. Segment pricing Car segment| Range| Cars in Indian market| Hatchback| A1| Entry| Maruti Alto 800, Nano, Hyundai Eon, Maruti WagonR| | A2| Economy| Hyundai i20, Maruti Swift, Fiat Punto, Volkswagen Polo| | A3| Premium| BMW MiniCooper, Fiat 500, Volkswagen Beetle| | A4| Luxury| N.A.| | A5| Super Luxury| | MUV/MPV| B1| Entry| Maruti Eeco| | B2| Economy| Maruti Ertiga, Toyota Innova, | | B3| Premium| Mercedes Benz A-class, B-class| | B4| Luxury| N.A.| | B5| Super Luxury| | SUV/Crossover| C1| Entry| Mahindra Thar| | C2| Economy| Ford Ecosport, Renault Duster, Force One| | C3| Premium| Skoda Yeti, Mitsubishi Pajero, Toyota Fortuner, Maruti Grand Vitara| | C4| Luxury| BMW X1, Audi Q3, Landrover Freelander 2| | C5| Super Luxury| Audi Q7, BMW X6, Volkswagen Tourareg| Sedan| D1| Entry| HM Ambassador| | D2| Economy| Maruti Dezire, Nissan Sunny, Toyota Ethios| | D3| Premium| Maruti Kizashi, Skoda Superb, Hyundai Sonata| | D4| Luxury| Volvo S60, Audi A4, BMW 3 series, Audi S4| | D5| Super Luxury| Mercedes Benz S class, Audi S6, Audi A7, Jaguar XJ| Van| E1| Entry| Maruti Omni, Tata Venture| | E2| Economy| Tata Winger, Tata Winger Platinum| | E3| Premium| N.A.| | E4| Luxury| | | E5| Super Luxury| | Table 2.4. Passenger car segments 3. Market Analysis The various aspects involved in the automobile industry, namely the market size, market trends, penetration rate, growth rate, etc. are analyzed in this chapter. The distribution channel involved for the passenger vehicle segment is also discussed here. 3.1. Market Size In the passenger vehicle segment, there has been an increase in sales by 1.20% in the FY 2012-13 compared to that of FY 2011-12 with figures of 20,626,227 units of production of passenger vehicles, as shown in figure 3.1. The cumulative average growth rate (CAGR) for the period from 2008-12 was 14% compared to the estimated CAGR for the period from 20013-21 which is 13%. 3.2. Market Trends One of the major player in the world automotive industry is Indian car market. It is the second in automobile industry after China. Indian car industry is facing a serious problem is present year. Car sales are down by more than 6% in FY 2012-13 compare to last year of FY 2011-12. The main reasons are high interest rates, fuel price, high inflation, low movement in other sectors etc. But irrespective of the sales slump, Utility vehicle segment is having the maximum growth in this segment at 52%. Ertiga has put successful foot print this segment. This vehicle is giving good competition to Innova. SUV segment also grown due to its fuel economy and price combination became top choice for larger families. Kerala now accounts for 10 per cent of India’s luxury car sales. Kochi in particular has emerged as India’s strongest growing market for luxury car brands like BMW, Audi, Mercedes and Jaguar Land Rover. Another major trend in the automobile industry is the age of the potential customers are decreasing with the role of IT and other industries. 3.3.Market Growth rate The growth in passenger vehicle segment is at 2.15% for the FY 2012-13 compared to that of FY 2011-12. Cars have a negative growth of -6.69% when compared to that of utility vehicles which has an increase by 52.20% and vans with a minor growth of 1.08%. Figure 3.3. Passenger Vehicle segment growth rate for FY 2012-13 Source http://autobei.com/blog/passenger-vehicle-analysis-fiscal-year-2012-13/ 3.4. Market Penetration India has shown a great potential in passenger vehicle segments with penetration rate of 13 vehicles per 1000 population compared to the other BRIC countries making it the most attractive market for the industry presently. Figure 3.4. Market penetration for BRIC countries FY2010 per 1000 population Source Worldbank Figure 3.4. Market penetration for BRIC countries FY2010 per 1000 population Source Worldbank 3.5. Market Opportunities Car sales in India may be on a downside at the present but the total automobile market size will triple to 9.3 million units by 2020, according to global marketing information services company JD power. Driven by enhanced demand as the number of people with disposable income increases, the sector will grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 16% during the period as per the market research firm. They forecast India to have a consistent and gradual growth such that the automobile market will triple from the present size of about 9.3 million units. 3.6. Competition Intensity 3.7. Pricing Structure 3.8 Market Profitability 4. Distribution Channels * Company has 246 local suppliers and 20 global ones – they all function in a seamless manner. The company strictly receives their supplies ordered the previous night in a two hour slot the next day. A far cry from the initial 30 day supply period. * The company had adopted Just In Time (JIT) to achieve higher operational efficiencies and reduce inventory carrying cost. Maruti Suzuki has adopted the e-Nagare system of electronic flow which has completely transformed its supplier chain. * To achieve JIT material supplies, the company has given preference to locally based suppliers. Over 76% of the company’s 246 suppliers are located within 100 kms of radius. They have strategically located the suppliers of bulky components such as instrument panels, fuel tanks, bumpers, seats, etc. adjacent to the company’s manufacturing facilities in the Suppliers’ Park. * In order to enter new markets, Maruti Suzuki has ventured into contract manufacturing. For example vehicles manufactured in India are sold under the Nissan brand in European market. * Using a combination of Unix Shell programming, Oracle forms, .Net, and Windows FTP technology, the internal team brought transparency to the export supply chain. * Maruti Suzuki has 933 dealerships across 666 towns and cities in India. It has 2,946 service stations in 1,395 towns and cities throughout India. It has 30 Express service stations on 30 National Highways. 5. Competition Maruti Suzuki is India’s largest OEM of passenger cars, netting about 55% of domestic sales. The biggest competitor for Maruti is Hyndai Motors. Quality Product/service| 0 50 100 Maruti / Hyundai| Reputation in eyes of customers| 0 40 50 100 Hyundai Maruti | Prices| 0 40 50 100 Maruti Hyundai | New productslaunch/development| 0 50 100 Maruti / Hyundai| Table 5.1 5.1. Success factors of Hyundai * Refreshing the brand image is one of the key success factor of Hyundai. In the last decade, Hyundai Motor has made significant inroads in building its brand from the â€Å"Worst Car Ever Made† to a 72nd ranking in the 2007 Best Global Brand survey. * Efforts were made from Hyundai in this aspect and as a result, Hyundai Motor has been recognized as a producer of quality cars which are reliable and affordable * Stylish design of the products and tagline â€Å" new thinking new possibilities† made the company to collaborate with its branding. * Global presence for Hyundai is high when compared to Maruti. 5.2. Competitors for Maruti Hyundai, Toyota, Honda and Chevrolet are the main competitors for Maruti, with Hyundai and Chevrolet the main competitors in small car segment and Toyota and Honda joining in the race recently with the launch of Ethios and Brios respectively. 5.3. New competitors * Honda is coming up with new cars which are targeting the same group of Maruti products Ex: Amaze, Dzire * Hyundai is coming up with Grand i10 as a competition for Swift. * Other car makers like Nissan, M&M are also releasing products in hatchback car segment rigorously which has to be faced by Maruti. 6. Reference 1) http://www.kpmg.com/KZ/ru/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesAndPublications/Documents/KPMGs-Global-Automotive-Executive-Survey-2013.pdf 2) http://www.icra.in/Files/ticker/SH-2013-Q2-1-ICRA-Two-Wheeler.pdf 3) http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-5-facts-about-indias-growing-two-wheeler-market-305607 4) http://autobei.com/blog/passenger-vehicle-analysis-fiscal-year-2012-13/ 5) http://www.strategy-business.com/article/00162?gko=8346f 6) http://www.cardekho.com/compare/hyundai-elantra-and-maruti-kizashi.htm 7) http://www.motorbeam.com/cars/maruti-suzuki/maruti-suzuki-ranks-highest-in-customer-satisfaction/ 8) http://cars.pricedekho.com 9) http://www.cardekho.com 10) http://www.prokerala.com/automobile/cars/ 11) http://autoenthu.blogspot.in/2012/08/passenger-car-segments-india.html 12) http://profit.ndtv.com/news/industries/article-indian-auto-market-size-to-triple-to-9-3-million-units-by-2020-jd-power-319349 13)

How I Know My Mother Loves Me Essay

When I was very young, I was a sickly child. In fact, I had to spend most of my life away from school and in bed. Not surprisingly, I was miserable. I fretted a lot and constantly demanded my mother’s attention. I was a spoiled brat.During the day, I would demand that my favorite delicacies be served to me and that my favorite stories be read to me. At odd hours of the night, I would ask for a hot drink or a cookie, or just some company.†Mummy, stay with me!† was my constant whine.Not once was that demand refused. Not once did my mother groan or grumble. She answered every unreasonable demand of mine with unfailing patience. My mother would put everything aside to comfort me.My world was very small then. There was just me and Mummy. My world consisted of the feel of her cool palms soothing my brow and her floral scent as she leaned over me to tuck in my blanket. I remember her low voice, hushing me as I fretted about the pains in my joints. Most of all, I remember the look in her eyes, of deep concern for her sick child. That was how I knew my mother loved me then.Miraculously, I have outgrown my childhood ailments. Now that I am on the threshold of adulthood, my world has grown to include many exciting friends. Set free from the prison of the sickbed, I revel in the fun that the world has to offer.My relationship with my mother has suffered from my wild pursuit of fun. She criticizes my choice of friends and tries to enforce rules and regulations to curb my activities.Two nights ago, I stayed out way, way past my â€Å"curfew† hour, which is eleven o’clock. It was almost 1 a.m. when I reached my house. To make matters worse, I had been unable to call home to inform my mother that I would be delayed. There were no phones where we were â€Å"hanging out†. I knew that I was in for it!My mother flung open the door the minute she heard my friend’s car pull in. Her face was red, sweat was pouring down her temples. My friends made a quick exit as she ranted at me, her arms waving wildly. I didn’t say a word, in case one of those hands should find its mark on my face. I was ordered straight to bed.As I got into bed, she stood in my room, still ranting at me for my disobedience and â€Å"wild behavior†. I was tired. I just wanted to sleep. I looked up at her face to try to gauge if her scolding would be continuing much longer.Then I saw something familiar about the look in her eyes. It was the same look of concern that she had always had when I was so sick. I saw in her eyes all the fears that she had suffered that night as she waited for her daughter to return safely.This is how I know my mother loves me now.

An agreement arises from offer and acceptance

An agreement arises from offer and acceptance Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . An agreement arises from offer and acceptance PART B ‘A contract is based on agreement, which arises from offer and acceptance. One person makes an offer; another person accepts that offer. When that has happened, and provided that the other necessary factors, consideration and intention to contract, are present there is a contract. , A contract is an agreement supported by consideration made between two or more individuals with the intent to create legal relations and is not illegal or unenforceable under the law. An agreement is the net result of mutual promises. An agreement is said to come into existence when an offer made by the offeror is accepted by the offeree. Offer The offer may be made to one person, or to a group of persons, or to the public at large; it may be made expressly or by conduct. An offer is an expression of willingness to contract on specified terms , made with the intention that it is to become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed pg 8 g.h treitel Essential elements to an offer: The offeror must objectively intend to be bound with to further negotiation, by a simple acceptance of his terms.thus ther is no offer where the owner of a house, in response to an enquiry from a person who wishes to buy it, states the prices at which he might be prepared to sell. The terms of the offer must be definite or reasonably certain. The offer must be communicated to the offeree. Offer distinguished from invitation of treat. It is necessary to distinguish an offer from an invitation to treat . the importance of the distinguish is that, if an offer is made and accepted , the offeror is bound ; on the other hand , if what the offeror said or did does not amount to an offer, the other person cannot create a contract by accepting it. The process leading to an agreement may be long. It may consist of requests for information, statements made to encourage interest and the like . when the negotiations have reached the point where one the parties has made it clear that he is willing to contract on specific terms that need no futher elaboration or clarification , and all that is required is acceptance by the other party , at the stage it can be said that an offer has been made . in Gibson v MANCHESTER CITY COUNCIL (1979). HL) Acceptance Assuming that an offer has been made, a contract comes into existence when the offer is accepted. To accept an offer, the offeree must indicate his assent to the terms of the offer. He may do this either expressly (by words of acceptance) or by conduct. An ‘acknowledgement’ of an offer does not amount to an acceptance if it amounts merely to a confirmation that the offer has been received ; but it can amount to an acceptance if by its terms or in a particular context (e.g. in website trading ) it means that the person making it has agreed to the terms of the offer. Pg 10 paper

The individual, society and culture. ( tripartite system of Essay

The individual, society and culture. ( tripartite system of domination) - Essay Example Black women were a little better and suffered to a lesser degree psychologically. They were allowed relative freedom of movement within the boundaries of the racist system (p.21) With this sort of treatment from a section of a society to another section of society, any individual of the subjugated class would turn cynical, rebellious and will try to strike back at the earliest opportunity. Also religious discrimination of the worst order was practiced by the Church. The dominance of the white race and the repressive measured used by it, evoked strong resistance from the blacks on all fronts. Students took the lead in organizing the protest marches. Street-fights became order of the day. Radical visions came to the fore and took over the leadership. In the early part of the 20th century, African Americans launched direct protests against racial inequality. Jim Crow streetcars were challenged between 1900 and 1906 in important cities of the South. During the same period, black women organized local and national clubs to overthrow Jim Crow. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909-1910. It initiated national level protests against racial inequality and challenged its legal basis and won cases in relation to segregated schools. In 1920 fundamental aspect of racial segregation were put to inquiry. This related to the practice since time immemorial, ideas of white supremacy and black inferiority. The Garvey movement of the 1920s turned into a mass movement. According to Blauner the combustible black younger generation admired the strength in the arguments of Marcus Garvey. His teachings and leadership fulfilled their aspirations and his fighting qualities of head and heart were appreciated and followed by them.(p.85) Western civilization was challenged and great presentations about Black people, Black Culture, and Black history were made and the glory of Africa was highlighted. Garvey advocated

Management in Brazil Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management in Brazil - Assignment Example Most of these firms operate under the economies of scale. There is no use of state of the art advance management practices. The situation is no different from the government owned large cooperation. Most of the managers in these co-operations are educated and come for the high social class group. The managers in these large co-operations act like their counterparts in smaller institutions, lack the necessary education in commensurate management. Issues to do with culture and business size limit are the limiting facts to management and are evident in most organization in Brazil. The family owned business the management is centralized around the family. In the middle level cooperation’s, there is no in between levels and the top management is by the owners of the business. The private organizations show very small levels of departments. The structure makes management in Brazil to be very authoritarian. The management is paternalistic and exploits employees mainly in terms of their security, safety and physiological needs. As a result, labor unions are becoming stronger and stronger each day that passes. The unions are advocating better employee working conditions and servicers. The above development has given rise to more firms adopting human and resource management. However, the department is limited to employees alone. Their role makes them to be viewed more as agents of the employees rather than a member of the managing team of the greater organization. The role of women in Brazilian firm’s management is limited. Women have been sideline in management and the main reason given by John Theodor is the Brazilian culture. There are also few women in the professions that are considered necessary to make top management position in an organization. The human and resource department also lack policies to encourage women to join the management as affirmative action. Existing managers in Brazil

Should drinking age be lowered to 18 like in Europe Essay

Should drinking age be lowered to 18 like in Europe - Essay Example Those speaking against reducing the drinking age support drinking in exceptional cases, such as drinking in home environment, drinking under adult guidance, for medical needs, and other similar reasons. Those who favor reducing the age bar to 18 years, the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) from 21, counter that it has not helped teen drinking. On the contrary, it has encouraged binge drinking in private and risky surroundings, causing health and life-threatening conduct by youngsters (Procon.org 1). Just because the European drinking age is 18 years, Americans should also follow them is not a logical argument in itself. Relatively to the European countries’ teenagers’ drinking pattern, the American teenagers’ rate of drinking is lower. The American teenagers’ rate of consuming alcohol or binge drinking is similar or lesser than their European counterparts. Negative effects of increased rate of alcohol intake and binge drinking have been reported in less than 13 years old teenagers as well, which leads to the logical factor of not reducing the age bar from 21 to 18 years (Procon.org 1). Another logical argument against reducing the drinking age bar is that MLDA 21 assists teenagers to control binge drinking. Binge drinking habit is at the highest among 21- to 25-year-olds at 45.9%. Comparing this rate with that of the 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, and 18-20 age-groups, their binge drinking rates are 1.5%, 7.8%, 19.4%, and 35.7% respectively, which are relatively very lower. Considering the legal aspect, the MLDA 21 laws help in downsizing the number of drinkers below the legal drinking age. It has been observed that since 1984 when maximum numbers of MLDA 21laws were promulgated, the percentage of below-age alcohol consumption has reduced. Research has also pointed that when the alcohol consumption age is 21; those below this age consume less alcohol, and make it a habit to consume less alcohol across their

Ethical Theories In Solving Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Theories In Solving Crime - Essay Example As you can see my strategy champions’ diplomacy and deliberate on what you should do. I will use my skills and interventions to sponsor a superior counseling strategy. Part of the plan will be to apply normative moral theories that I have with time learned from class to ensure that I properly solves the situation. To understand the scenes of crime in each case, especially the woman involved in crime, I will use consequentialism theory to understand what prompts the thoughts of crime. That is, what is the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness and the wrongness of the conduct I will further invite Jeremy Bentham Bentham and Burns believe on utilitarianism, which argues that people driven by their fears, hence they take precedence of their fears. Supportively, Eggleston argues that an action an action is moral when it produces the greatest amount of happiness. However, a problem will arise when the greatest happiness is achieved at the expense of a few. For that rea son, utilitarianism would seem to endorse crime when it produces the greatest total amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

Design Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Design Thinking - Assignment Example The analysis of such period aided in the understanding of the evolution of chief design process methods. Consequently, the analysis meant to discover from such evolution of design process methods the moment when design thinking got realized as an emerging approach as well as a framework of thinking that underscored all other prior methods of thinking. However, there was never a precisely framed linear progression of methodologies that emerged. Many methodologies were developed concurrently in various faculties as well as industries. The coining of the term design thinking date back to 1987 when Peter G. Rowe introduced the phrase in his book, ‘Design Thinking’. The design involves a call for conventional minds to change and collaborate. There are various approaches to designing thinking ranging from the participatory design, user-centered, service-centered to human-centered design thinking. The participatory design primarily focuses on user testing efficiency and end-user development. The user-centered design thinking stresses the significance of customers’ needs and paints user as central to the service or product development. The service-centered design focus on the importance of examining the user journey value and the stakeholder’s culture by stressing the need for a collaborative culture. The service design relates with the meta-design that advocates a collaborative, open source systems and holistic community development to ensure social sustainability. Therefore, service-centered design holistically engages the stakeholders and emphasizes on service sustainability. Finally, the human-centered design involves a collaborative and multidisciplinary social systems. There is also holistic engagement of the community development driven by empathy. The humanized approach applies those methods aimed at gaining direct audience understanding and thus

Is there a legitimacy of IMF duties and did IMF fulfill its promises Essay

Is there a legitimacy of IMF duties and did IMF fulfill its promises - Essay Example The fund was also charged with the responsibility of availing its resources to member states facing hardships in their balance of payments, and lessening as well as shortening the degree of imbalance in the global balance of payments to its member states (Soros, 2002: pp 116). The IMF has contributed to positive change in numerous member countries since its establishment. At its inception, it undertook the daunting task of restoring economic growth and stability, especially after the world war, and the aftermath of the great global depression. The IMF adopted a simple working principle that all countries share some fundamental economic goals; that include achievement of high income and employment levels, and that countries can achieve these goals by adopting solid macroeconomic policies, collaborating to make international monetary systems work efficiently and making their economies accessible to trade (Camdessus, 1998). It has not been easy for IMF since the global economy has had its successes and challenges, especially during the fund's initial years. For all the countries that adopted the IMF principles, their employment rates rose, their national incomes grew, and their trade expanded immensely, ushering in almost fifty years of global prosperity. The global economy is much more com... Also, there are now various exchange rate arrangements which have replaced the initial fixed exchange rate system, with IMF member states increasing from just forty in 1947 to 182 currently (Camdessus, 1998). During these developments, the fund has also had to change and develop itself in order to remain relevant and address the changing needs and demands. The fund now temporarily provides and advices members undergoing wide ranging circumstances and problems. The fund has also expanded its scope to incorporate other elements contributing to stability in the financial systems and economic growth. The fund now advocates for its members deregulating their domestic economies to boost private sector activities. Moreover, it has called for the member governments to reduce unfruitful government spending, spend more on basic human needs, ensure accountability in corporate and government affairs and a more efficient dialogue on economic policies with the civil society and labor (Camdessus, 1998). The IMF has helped its members in dealing with various problems and issues that were not anticipated at the institution's establishment. For instance, the fund helped in creating a mechanism to recycle the surpluses of oil exporters and helped in financing oil-related deficits in some countries during the 1970s energy crisis. In the 1980s, the fund helped the Latin American countries in overcoming a debt crisis (Camdessus, 1998). In 1989, IMF helped in designing and financing substantial global efforts required to help the 26 transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former USSR to abandon the legacy of centralized planning. Between 1994 and 1995, IMF helped Mexico out

Failure In Small Business Essay Example for Free

Failure In Small Business Essay It is actually a fact that only about 53% of small businesses are not able to keep on trading after three years after their preliminary set up. Some of the businesses fail within their first year of operation. There are so many reasons why this tends to happen. However, business failure does not only happen with the new businesses but it also happen to those businesses which have been in operation for quite some time regardless of how successful they tend to be. Even if business failure happens to all sizes of businesses, the small businesses are very much affected by larger threats for the reason that they do not have the support of additional money as well as resources that the big companies have. Business failure does not only come about through the problems experienced in your own company, they can as well be achieved as a subsidiary effect from dealings made by other businesses, clients and suppliers. It is very necessary for one to identify the premature signs of business failure in order to solve the problem before it is too late (Dwight, 1993). Finally, the business failure comes about when the business has gone beyond a point where it can not continue operating in business any long without encountering supplementary troubles. These troubles might not offer any feasible solutions and for one to go ahead in trading, he or she has to put him or her self in even deeper problems. When the business has reached this point, it is very important for one to acknowledge the business failure early or else he or she will face increased financial as well as legal troubles when trying to save his or her business or he can even go further and put his business to rest. There so many causes of business failure. So many businesses fail because several managers do not incorporate accounting as well as accounting practices to a practical level in their business. Despite the fact that they don’t posses all the accounting knowledge, they really suffer from the lack of financial control together with the problems concerning the cash flow which leads to business failure. If one has a weak accountancy expertise, he is likely to employ a very knowledgeable bookkeeper to manage the financial records on a regular basis. It is very important for one to have somebody who can comprehend the monetary accounts plus the management accounts. Before starting up the business one is supposed to find some time to learn the financial management skills (Claire, 1998). Lack of funds is also another cause of business failure. If one finds out that he does not have enough capital to start up the business, he is supposed to wait until the time when he has saved enough money he needs before starting up a business. If one risks and starts up a business without enough capital then the fellow is destined for business failure. Lack of funds usually leads to too much borrowing and as a result, the business becomes insolvent for the reason that the liabilities becomes too high than the assets. Bankruptcy is a very common result as in it has a cycle of poor management. Lack of funds can also come through competition. As much as the business is offering competitive prices, the business will end up making little profit margin hence it will be too difficult to fund other areas within the business. High costs of finance is another cause of business failure because it can be so disastrous as soaring interest rates as well as unfavorable compensation schedules are so much ignored due to the difficulty of financing the business (John, 1994). As a matter of fact, it is very necessary for one to manage his or her finance with a very keen concern towards interest as well as repayment schedules in order to avoid the business becoming insolvent in the early moments. The collection of data is rather a frustrating process. One needs to persuade the potential data providers to take part. One has to convince them about the value of the information to the business. I provided the incentives for sources to participate such as the clean copy of the eventual database of the relative data to the rest of the database. Eventually I drew a data table in the business notebook to help during the collection of data. A data table ensured that the business is consistent in recording data and it makes it easier to analyze the results of the business. The techniques which were used during the collection of data are data mining techniques. I sorted from large amounts of data and picked out the information because it is the analytic process which is desired to discover data (Claire, 1998). It is expected that all the business persons must have a clear understanding of the failure points in future. Another outcome is that all the business persons must stay in business successfully by not selling cheap products or service. He is not intending to impress the customers but all business persons are supposed to make people feel that they are not getting ripped off. In future all business persons must learn to begin businesses with enough capital. The business person must always learn to hire more staff when there is too much work to be done. They are not supposed to get behind on the work or else the clients will not feel happy. The business is intending to get sufficient operating funds. The business will require the costs of starting and the costs of staying the business in operation. Enough funds are needed in order to cover all the costs until sales can finally pay for these costs. However, all the funds will be borrowed from the bank which will be repayable after the business picks up. References Claire, W. (1998). Risky Business: The Personal and Financial Costs of Small Business Failure. California: Policy Studies Institute. Dwight, R. (1993). Failure and Progress. New Mexico: Cato Institute. John, L. (1984). Success and Failure in Small Business. New York: Gower Publishing Company. John, H. (1991). Measurement of Success and Failure in Small Business. Washington: Curtin University of Technology. John, E. (1963). Small Business Instability and Failure. Alabama: Bureau of Business Research.

The Complexity of Arnold-Chiari Malformation :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Complexity of Arnold-Chiari Malformation To the medical doctor, Arnold-Chiari Malformation, which may have a genetic link, is characterized by a small or misshapen posterior fossa (the depression in the back of the skull), a reduction in cerebrospinal fluid pathways and a protrusion of the cerebellar tonsils through the bottom of the skull (foramen magnum) into the spinal canal resulting in a multitude of sensory-motor problems and even some autonomous malfunctions (1). These many symptoms can come in a variety of forms which often makes a clinical diagnosis difficult. To the patient this disorder can present not only physical difficulties but also mental distress. Treatment options and their success rates vary widely, and proponents of the cause are demanding more recognition, research, and success. The study of Arnold-Chiari malformations can lead to additional questions and new understandings about the I-function, sensory-motor input/output paths and the general make-up of the brain and nervous system, but a complete und erstanding of the disorder may be a long time coming. Impairment and sometimes loss of motor control of the body and its extremities is one of the many effects of this disorder. Patients may complain of headaches, neck pain, coughing, sneezing, dizziness, vertigo, disequilibrium, muscle weakness, balance problems, and loss of fine motor control (1). The senses (hearing, sight, smell etc.) may also be affected in deleterious ways. On can have blurred vision, decreased sensation of limbs, unable to locate them without looking, decreased sense of taste, ringing of the ears etc. (2). Two ideas about the nervous system that can be better understood from these observations are the concepts of having and locating the I-function. It seems that the I-function here is very often affected in terms of voluntary movement. A person with Arnold-Chiari malformation who has lost the feeling in and control of his arm for example will not be able to move it even upon someone's request and his or her own desire to do so. Some use of the I-function is definitely impaired. However, these observations do not seem to necessarily imply that some part of the I-function was damaged, because it may very well be located elsewhere- connections may have simply been lost. A person with Arnold-Chiari can still think and have a sense of self, but somehow can not connect with the various body parts that can be affected. Some uses and pathways of the I-function can be understood, but the exact location of it remains vague.

Having Cable Television on College Campuses Essay -- Argumentative Per

Having Cable Television on College Campuses Eleven o’clock on a Tuesday night, walking through the brightly lit halls, many doors wide open in a dormitory complex on the campus of Bowling Green State University, one can see that the only light that emerges from the open doors is the constantly changing illumination coming from television consoles. Passing from door to door, sounds such as sports cheers, gun shots, screams of people being slain, and moans of woman in ecstasy can be heard. Although many students have the time to watch the television, many of them don’t. The televisions utter no words of mathematics or Biology. Because of this horrid â€Å"accommodation† provided by the college, the quality of students intellectually, morally, and physically has made a sudden turn for the worst. Some ignorant persons argue that cable television provides quality educational programs to students and helps them to cut lose after a hard day of studying, but the true harsh reality is that cable television, due to the vast amount of extremely worthless channels such as HBO, Cinnemax, and, of course, MTV, do nothing but discourage interpersonal relationships and association, provide a distraction, inspire sloth, and install thoughts of sex and violence into the easily malleable minds of students, especially younger freshmen and sophomores living on campus. Some people have views that cable television is beneficial to students. In this fictional scenario, one can see the arrival of the idea of cable television onto the campus of Bowling Green State University. The administrators while sitting around their monstrous finely polished eastern oak table in their soft reclinable chairs, smoking their illegally imported cigars, thought of what seemed to be en ingenious idea. They thought of a way to supposedly improve the learning environment of students. One idea can be speculated that stood out in their minds. An idea that could give their students an incredible edge over other students from some other schools, the idea could be none other than the introduction of cable television into every room on the campus of their fine university. To them, this would give students access to explore a vast amount of educational and informational channels such as Discovery, Life, CNN, Animal Planet, and Health. Disney would also be provided for the mental ly challenged, playful at hear... ...s are spending their nights watching people get decapitated in action films. They are watching women naked in sexual positions, sometimes with other women in soft-core porn movies. Although most of these movies have excellent plots, they are not beneficial to the studying of a college student. The channels provided by cable networks encourage foul language, violence, promiscuity, and masturbation in many college students living on campus. There may be some people who do not watch this type of programming or may not let it go to their head, but the majority of college students do. This is a problem. The average majority of college students in almost no way benefit from the installation of cable television in the dormitories. Cable television is used in almost all cases for entertainment. It is not a necessity for the intellectual development of a college student. The fact that it is provided in every dorm room on campus shows little regard by Bowling Green for the growth of most students living on campus. Almost nothing good can come from cable. In most cases it is a vice rather that a strength. Cable television in college dorm rooms is a major problem and needs to be solved.

Turbografix 16 ...the beginning :: essays research papers

In Japan, shortly after the introduction of Nintendo's Famicom (Japan's version of the NES), the electronics giant NEC entered into the videogame market with the introduction of their "next generation" system, known as the PC Engine (PCE). The PCE boasted a 16-bit graphics chip capable of displaying up to 256 colors on screen at once, at a number of resolutions. Although its CPU wasn't much more powerful that of the NES, its spectacular graphics chip and six-channel sound bettered the Famicom in every way. It utilized a sleek new card format (PCE games are either HuCards or Turbochips) to hold its software, rather than bulky cartridges. It was also the first console to boast a CD-ROM drive, for full orchestral soundtracks and even (gasp!) full motion video. The PC Engine was immensely popular in Japan, outselling the Famicom by a significant margin. In 1989, two years after its Japanese introduction, NEC announced plans to bring the PC Engine overseas, to the booming videogame market of the U.S. With a huge library of Japanese software, it seemed to many as though the system couldn't possibly fail. At the time, the NES was the #1 system in the US. Games were no longer being made for Atari's 7800, and despite the popularity of the Sega Master System in Europe, it failed to capture the hearts of the U.S. gaming public. Arcade and computer games began to set new standards in visual and aural excellence, making the NES seem primitive in comparison. Although MMC (memory mapper) chips allowed the NES to do some pretty spectacular things, the game-buying public was hungry for a new system. Shortly after NEC stated its intention to bring the PC Engine to the U.S., Sega announced that its Mega Drive system (released in Japan a year after the PC Engine) would also be coming to the U.S. as the Sega Genesis. The Mega Drive was slow to catch on in Japan, as the installed user base of PC Engine was so large. In fact, the Mega Drive was spectacularly unpopular with our Japanese friends. Although the Mega Drive boasted superior graphics and sound, the absence of a CD-ROM drive was a definite minus in most gamers' minds. Once you've played a CD-ROM game, cartridge games just don't seem as good. At the time, the Genesis didn't seem like much of a threat to the assured success of the TurboGrafx-16 (NEC's American name for the PC Engine).

Labor Relations,Employee Relations and Global HR

1. Define Job Stress, Burnout and Depression. Job stress is a type of stress that is work-related.   The pressure at work, the challenges and the obstacles that are facing employees each day can result to negative physical and physiological responses. Burnout is a term used to describe the onset of exhaustion after experiencing long-term stress.   This results from being constantly exposed to stressors at work without getting the system a chance to fully recover from adrenaline surges. Depression is characterized by low mood, lack of interest in usual things that excites the person, and lesser capacity to experience pleasure.   This condition is not alarming when it's not pervasive, otherwise, it becomes a psychiatric problem that needs professional attention. Depression can have serious effects on a person's personal life and work. 2. Explain how you would reduce stress at work. Stress impacts our thoughts, emotions, and behavior in a number of ways.   In the workplace, stress makes a person less productive and difficult to deal with. In order to reduce stress at work, a person has to recognize when he or she is experiencing it.   Some of the symptoms and signs of stress are lack of focus, moodiness, depression, and muscle tension, among others. Once a person accepts that he is experiencing stress, the next step is for him to identify what are stressing him at work.   By knowing the stressors, it will be easier for the person to deal with them.   For instance, if an employee doesn't like his job anymore, he can began scouting for other job opportunities in other companies. In most cases, however, a person does not really know what's stressing him at work.   With all the things he needs to face in the office, it would be confusing for him to exactly point out what are causing him stress.   If this were the case, the first thing that the worker needs to do is to take a break and stop working for a few days.   Distancing himself from the entire organization will give him a breathing space and a chance to slow down.   Vacationing to a warm place where there is sand and sea often does wonder to a tired mind and body. 3. Why you believe this approach would be successful. I believe that taking a long vacation would be successful because many people I have talked to have done this.   They always make it a point to go away for a few days every year in order to de-stress and slow down.   After the vacation, the employee is normally back to his old self, ready to face the daily grind at work. If a person who is constantly stressed at work does not give himself the chance to recover, the most likely thing that will happen to him is to feel burnout in the long run.   Rest and relaxation ensures that a person's mind and body will experience rejuvenation before joining the rat race once more. On another note, when stressors are identified and dealt with, the employee's worries and concerns would probably be over.   Say for example that an employee's co-worker is harassing him.   This attitude is causing the person stress.   So long as he doesn't do anything about it, he would continue to feel violated by the harassment he is receiving.  Ã‚   If he brings it out in the open and talks to the right persons, then the harassment would stop and the harassed person will be able to work more comfortably. References Depression.com Home Page.   Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.depression.com/ â€Å"Preventing Burnout: Signs, Symptoms, and Strategies to Avoid It.† Helpguide.org Home Page. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/burnout_signs_symptoms.htm â€Å"Understanding Stress: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Effects.†Ã‚   Helpguide.org Home Page. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm      

Relationship Between Global and Local in Globalization Essay

Globalization is the process by which different individuals, states, regions, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global network. This can be categorized as either political which includes global leadership, formation of regional bodies, Economic globalization which includes trade, communication, transportation and social globalization which includes religion, education among others. Due to the dynamic nature of globalization, states and individuals have found it necessary to adapt to the different changes in order to survive. Thus it has become evident that globalization has affected the society both at global level and at local level. This paper will focus on the relationship between the global and the local in globalization with examples in the political, economic and social areas. At global level, globalization is evident in almost all areas of life as no one state can survive without interacting with other states. It has led to the co-operation of states in many different areas. For example, in the political arena, states have to ensure that laws that govern them conform to the norms in the international community and more specifically international law. Member states have had to form regional bodies and international organizations that deal with issues that affect them for example, war, food security, environmental problem, poverty among others. Furthermore, political globalization has created a form of hierarchy in the international community where as the developed countries e. g. U. S. A and Britain dominate the less developed countries e. . African states. In terms of economic globalization, we have seen the emergence of common markets based on the ability to exchange goods and services from one country to another depending on the availability of resources and labor. For example globalization has greatly contributed to the migration of people from countries with less developed markets to those that have greater opportunities and large amounts of wealth. In terms of social globalization, we have seen the rise of interaction at global level on the basis of religion, culture, technology and education. The most significant of these areas has been technology as it has greatly facilitated the interaction of people from all parts of the world not only through social networks like facebook, yahoo and twitter but also through business and education forums. We can say technological advancement has been the greatest contributor to globalization. Globalization is also evident at local level and can been seen through the way that both individuals and even governments try to keep with the changing times. This can also be categorized as above in the global level in terms of political, social and economic areas. In the political arena, we see our local leaders changing in order to identify themselves with a specific target group, in economics, we see people moving from rural to urban areas in search of a better way of life while in the social context, this can be seen through education for example where students are encouraged to learn additional languages to make them more marketable in job market, religion for example people of different religious backgrounds working together for the better good of the country and most of all through technology that facilitates the interaction of people from all parts of the country. It is clear to see in both areas- global and local globalization has had its impact on all areas of life. The relationship between the two therefore comes about when the locals or governments have no other choice than to adopt to whatever trends come up in their day to day lives. In terms of politics, due to the fact that states have formed alliances and organizations within the international community, it is inevitable that whatever actions they perform conform to the norms and rules that have been set out by the groups they belong to. For example in terms of laws, countries have to ensure that the laws that govern them go hand in hand with the treaties or agreements that they have entered to. This is to say that a country cannot pass a law at the local level that is against a law that they agree to abide to at the international level. In economic terms, we see how both local and global globalization intertwines especially with the rise of regional and international common markets. One good example is the formation of the European Union which led to all countries within the union adopting one common currency- the euro which has from that time on become the official currency of the region both within the individual countries and in the region at large. On the social front, we see how people of different countries each with different cultures have come together in one aspect of the other. For example looking at education, local schools and varsities have to get accreditation from different organizations both locally and internationally to ensure that students who got throw their system are recognized both within the country and also in the international community. In terms of religion we see the relationship through the fact that local churches, mosques, temples follow the same teaching under one leadership for example the Catholic Church elects archbishops who have to be approved by the pope-the leader of the Catholic Church who is not even necessarily a citizen of that country. From the above, it is clear to see that theirs is a very strong relation between the global and the local in globalization. This is mainly because the world is a global village and interaction between states and individuals is inevitable and people therefore have to do whatever is necessary to keep up with the changing times. This is further enforced by the fact that states (which represent the local population) have to participate in the international community. No man is an island therefore interactions between entities are inevitable.

American Gothic Architecture

For only the antique style of architecture is conceived in a purely objective spirit; the Gothic style is more in the subjective spirit. American Gothic architecture was the outcome of a way of thought, the product of a special kind of imagination. Every one will easily be able to see clearly how from the fundamental thought and the peculiarities of Gothic architecture, there arises that mysterious and hyperphysical character which is attributed to it. It principally arises from the fact that here the arbitrary has taken the place of the purely rational, which makes itself known as the thorough adoption of the means to the end.The many things that are really aimless, but yet are so carefully perfected, raise the assumption of unknown, unfathomed, and secret ends, i. e. , give the appearance of mystery. On the other hand, the brilliant side of Gothic churches is the interior; because here the effect of the groined vaulting borne by slender, crystalline, aspiring pillars, raised high a loft, and, all burden having disappeared, promising eternal security, impresses the mind; while most of the faults which have been mentioned lie upon the outside.In antique buildings the external side is the most advantageous, because there we see better the support and the burden; in the interior, on the other hand, the flat roof always retains something depressing and prosaic. For the most part, also, in the temples of the ancients, while the outworks were many and great, the interior proper was small. An appearance of sublimity is gained from the hemispherical vault of a cupola, as in the Pantheon, of which, therefore, the Italians also, building in this style, have made a most extensive use.What determines this is, that the ancients, as southern peoples, lived more in the open air than the northern nations who have produced the Gothic style of architecture. Whoever, then, absolutely insists upon Gothic architecture being accepted as an essential and authorized style may, if he i s also fond of analogies, regard it as the negative pole of architecture, or, again, as its minor key.With the recent explosion of Gothic criticism, scholars have failed to juxtapose Gothic novels and dramas with archival architectural sources to explore the interrelationship between literature and architecture in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century. The scholars who have rescued the Gothic novel from literary history's dust heap have provided cultural historians with a base from which to examine the sweeping influence of this significant literary genre.In the United States, Gothic novels and Scott's historical romances (which were inspired by Gothic pioneers Walpole and Radcliffe), had an enormous impact on architecture in the period between 1800 and 1850. The groundwork in Gothic literary scholarship allows us to move beyond literature to examine how the Gothic seeps into other forms of artistic creation. One of the earliest American architects to enjoy G othic novels was Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764-1820).Although born in Great Britain and educated in Europe, Latrobe immigrated to the United States at the age of thirty-one, arriving in March 1796. About three months after relocating to Virginia, Latrobe wrote in his journal that he found Radcliffe's descriptions of buildings so â€Å"successful† that he â€Å"once endeavored to plan the Castle of Udolpho from Radcliffe's account of it and found it impossible† . Latrobe began experimenting with Gothic architectural forms for residential design in the United States in 1799.Latrobe's Gothic work includes Sedgeley (built for William Crammond near Philadelphia in 1799 and considered the first Gothic Revival house in the United States); the Baltimore Cathedral design (unexecuted; 1805); Christ Church in Washington, DC (1806-07); the Bank of Philadelphia (1807-08); and St. Paul's in Alexandria, Virginia (1817) (see photos). But, overall, Latrobe's Gothic output pales in compa rison to his rational neoclassical efforts such as the Bank of Pennsylvania (1799-1801). His Gothic Revival designs are symmetrical with superficial Gothic detailing.For example, Sedgeley is a geometric form Gothicized by the placement of pointed arch windows in the pavilions that protrude from the corners of the house. Despite this Gothic touch, there is little mystery or surprise in store for the observer of Latrobe's Gothic creations. Although he clearly read Radcliffe's books and was quite possibly influenced by them, he did not translate the mysterious, rambling architectural spaces of her stories into his own architecture. Other American architects, too, dabbled in Gothic Revival design before the 1830s. Some notable examples include Maxmillan Godefroy's St.Mary's Seminary in Baltimore (1806); Charles Bulfinch's Federal Street Church in Boston (1809); and the unexecuted design for Columbia College (1813) by James Renwick Sr. , engineer and father of the architect James Renwick . Daniel Wadsworth, who designed for himself a Gothic Revival villa called Monte Video (c. 1805-1809) near Hartford, Connecticut, explained that, to him, the Gothic style was not inherently menacing as are the castles and convents of Gothic novels: â€Å"There is nothing in the mere forms or embellishments of the pointed style [†¦ ] in the least adapted to convey to the mind the impression of Gothic Gloom† .His house bears out this belief; Gothic details appear as an afterthought, a decorative motif rather than a programmatic agenda. It was not until the 1830s and 1840s that American Gothic Revival architecture came of age. The most prominent designer of Gothic residences in this period was Davis. Davis was born in New York City in 1803 and, during his boyhood, lived in New Jersey and New York. When he was sixteen, he moved to Alexandria, Virginia, to learn a trade with his older brother Samuel. Davis worked as a type compositor in the newspaper office.Besides work, his four years at Alexandria were filled with two of his favourite activities: reading and acting. An amateur actor who performed in several plays while he was in Virginia, Davis was a voracious reader as well. His two pocket diaries from this period, preserved at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, are filled with youthful exuberance. Often, Davis would begin an entry with an illustration from a text, which would then be excerpted in his own handwriting. Among the dramas that he read and illustrated were Maturin's Bertram: or the Castle of St.Aidobrand and Heinrich Zschokke's Abadilino. Maturin was an Irish Gothic novelist and dramatist who corresponded with an encouraging Scott. After reading Maturin's drama Bertram, Scott wrote that the character of Bertram had a â€Å"Satanic dignity which is often truly sublime† . Starring Edmund Kean, Bertram opened on 9 May 1816 at the Drury Lane Theatre in London, with the support of Lord Byron, who was impressed with the play. In one of his pocket diaries, Davis made an illustration of the play's first act, showing a ship tossed on a stormy sea in view of a Gothic convent.The setting of the play is quintessentially Gothic from the â€Å"rock-based turrets† of the convent to the moonlit â€Å"terrassed rampart† of the castle of Aldobrand. Davis copied an excerpt from the play into his diary and as the budding actor included Bertram in his list of recitations. While he was a youth in Alexandria, Davis engaged in amateur theatricals and became interested in stage design. He dreamed of becoming a professional actor. Davis's illustration filters the Shakespearean scene through contemporary Gothic, emphasizing the mysterious flicker of the nightstand candle and the inky blackness of unknowable architectural spaces.At the age of twenty, Davis moved to New York City, and his fascination with the theatre continued. In the evenings, he frequented the theatre and was on the free list at both the Park The ater and the Castle Garden Theater in 1826 and 1828. He also expressed his love of drama in his artistic work. In 1825, he completed a study for a proscenium featuring Egyptian columns and Greek bas-relief sculpture and numerous portraits of actors in character, including â€Å"Brutus in the Rostrum† and â€Å"Mr. Kemble as Roma†. That so early in his life Davis was fascinated with the theatre is significant to his later Gothic Revival architectural creations.The dramatic images he drew for his youthful diaries display his acute interest in stage design and scenography. Indeed, Gothic Revival architecture is inherently theatrical, a quality often commented upon by architecture critics. Davis often used trompe-l'oeil materials to create theatrical effects, substituting plaster for stone. Davis's houses, then, become stage sets, in which the owners' mediaeval fantasies, inspired by Gothic romances, can take flight. While still in Alexandria, Davis's sensible older brothe r bristled at what he perceived to be the younger Davis's useless pastime of reading Gothic books.Later in life, Davis wrote to William Dunlap about himself in the third person for Dunlap's History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States: â€Å"Like another Franklin, strongly addicted to reading, he limited himself to the accomplishment of a fixed task, and being a quick compositor, he would soon complete it, and fly to his books, but not like Franklin, to books of science and useful learning, but to works of imagination, poetry, and the drama; whence, however, he imbibed a portion of that high imaginative spirit so necessary to constitute an artist destined to practise in the field of invention†.Davis's brother condemned such reading and turned Davis's attention to â€Å"history, biography and antiquities, to language and the first principles of the mathematics†. The architectural allure of Gothic literature fascinated Davis. As a young man , Davis was known to â€Å"pass hours in puzzling over the plan of some ancient castle of romance, arranging the trap doors, subterraneous passages, and drawbridges, as pictorial embellishment was the least of his care, invention all his aim†.Any Gothic novel of the late eighteenth century may have been the subject of his artistic dreaming, but most likely he is referring here to either Walpole's The Castle of Otranto or Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho, two of the most popular and influential of the Gothic novels. Davis's catalogue of books shows that he owned both books. The image depicts a partly ruinous labyrinthine space with a multitude of pointed arches leading to mysterious staircases (perhaps inspired by Giovanni Battista Piranesi's Carceri). Light filters in through barred windows.This drawing shows his early interest in the Gothic underworld, which is described in detail in The Castle of Otranto. The castle of Otranto (see photo) contains intricate subterranean passages that lead from the castle to the church of St. Nicholas, and through which the virtuous Isabella is chased by the lustful Manfred. Scott cannot be considered a Gothic novelist in the same way that his predecessors Walpole and Radcliffe are. Scott's genre is historical romance, but the influence of the Gothic is omnipresent in his work.From his earliest days and throughout his life, Scott read tales of terror. In 1812, after the success of his three poems and before he began writing his Waverley novel series, Scott purchased 110 acres, upon which he built his elaborate Gothic castle (1812-1815; enlarged in 1819). He named his new home Abbotsford after the monks of Meirose Abbey. The architect was William Atkinson. Abbotsford has been described as â€Å"an asymmetrical pile of towers, turrets, stepped gables, oriels, pinnacles, crenelated parapets, and clustered chimney stacks, all assembled with calculated irregularity†.Visitors flocked to Abbotsford to see the autho r and his residence first-hand, and, according to Thomas Carlyle, Abbotsford soon â€Å"became infested to a great degree with tourists, wonder-hunters, and all that fatal species of people†. Architectural historians often praise Strawberry Hill for introducing asymmetry into British domestic design and historicism into the Gothic Revival. But it is also important for another reason: the castle inspired Walpole to write his Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto in 1764.In A Description of the Villa of Mr. Horace Walpole, Walpole writes that Strawberry Hill is â€Å"a very proper habitation of, as it was the scene that inspired, the author of The Castle of Otranto†. One June morning, Walpole awoke from a dream: â€Å"I had thought myself in an ancient castle (a very natural dream for a head filled, like mine, with Gothic story) and that, on the uppermost bannister of a great staircase, I saw a gigantic hand in armor† (Early 88). That evening, Walpole sat down to wri te The Castle of Otranto.The setting of the story, as Walpole tells us in the preface, is â€Å"undoubtedly laid in some real castle†; indeed, as W. S. Lewis has shown, the rooms at Strawberry Hill and those in the pages of The Castle of Otranto correspond. Read by British and American readers alike, The Castle of Otranto enjoyed popularity long after Walpole's death in 1797. About the castle, Gilmor wrote: Tis in the most beautiful Gothic (light) style. Much cut up into small rooms, none, except the long picture gallery being large. Some of the ceilings beautifully gilded others beautifully fitted in wood or scagliola.But all things, wainscottings, – door-fireplaces – all Gothic. [†¦ ] These same rooms crammed – most literally crammed – with chef d'oeuvres of Antient and modern paintings, statuary; sarcophaguses, Bronzes and silver carvings of Benvenuto Cellini and others. [†¦ ] In this superb cabinet of curiosities for such the Gothic c astle deserves to be called, I strolled delighted. On 21 September 1832, not long after Gilmor's return in late 1830 or early 1831, Scott died. Two weeks later, on 5 October 1832, Davis makes his first notes on Glen Ellen in his day book.Perhaps Gilmor may have conceived of Glen Ellen as a tribute or romantic memorial to his genial host at Abbotsford. Indeed, as William Pierson has shown, the plans of Abbotsford and Glen Ellen both display a progression from left to right of octagonal corner turret to octagonal bay to square corner tower. But Abbotsford is not the only source for Glen Ellen. Gilmor was very impressed with the rococo Gothic he saw at Strawberry Hill, and the interior decoration of Walpole's residence becomes the inspiration for the exterior ornamentation at Glen Ellen.The battlements, pinnacles, towers, and pointed arch windows all recall Strawberry Hill, and the long rectangular parlour mirrors Walpole's mediaeval gallery. Both Abbotsford and Strawberry Hill are sit ed along rivers; it is significant, then, that Gilmor chose a site for Glen Ellen on the Gunpowder River, twelve miles north of Baltimore. While Town, Davis, and Gilmor were clearly indebted to Walpole and Atkinson, Glen Ellen is quite unlike anything that had come before it in American architecture.Most striking is its adoption of the complete Gothic program: it is asymmetrical in plan and elevation; its rooms are of disproportionate sizes; its ornamentation is both whimsical and reliant on recognizable mediaeval architectural forms. Glen Ellen is certainly not a repetition of Benjamin Henry Latrobe's and Daniel Wadsworth's earlier forays into the Gothic Revival style for domestic architecture. Unlike Sedgeley and Monte Video, where Gothic Revival ornament appears as an afterthought, Glen Ellen wears its mediaeval styling in a more assertive manner.Here Town and Davis enlisted the picturesque element of surprise; the beholder of Glen Ellen views a shifting facade with unexpected to wer protrusions and heavily ornamented bay windows. Although light and airy Glen Ellen lacks the gloom of Radcliffe's architectural spaces, the architects do create a villa in which the element of surprise is paramount. What is most significant about Glen Ellen is its conception as a place of fantasy, a literary indulgence to whet the Gothic appetite of its well-travelled owner.That Glen Ellen imitates the facade of Abbotsford or the interior ornamentation of Strawberry Hill is important; but more momentous is the idea of Glen Ellen as a retreat into the mediaeval world popularized by Gothic novels and historical romances. But Glen Ellen is Gothic fiction transformed into stone, a constant reminder of its owner's preferred reading material. With Glen Ellen, Gilmor pays homage to his favourite writers, thus participating in the cult of the Gothic author. Although he is the first, Gilmor will not be the last to yield to his literary fantasies by creating a permanent reminder of his Go thic passion.Influenced by Gothic novels and historical romance s, American writers James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving Gothicized their houses (Otsego Hall and Sunnyside, respectively) after visiting Gothic sites in Europe. After Glen Ellen, Davis went on to design numerous Gothic Revival cottages and villas, including his masterpiece, Lyndhurst in Tarrytown, New York (1838; 1865). Why were American architects, artists, and their clients so interested in mediaeval architecture? Their reading habits tell us a great deal.Mediaeval architecture plays a crucial role in Gothic novels and historical romances, leading some curious readers to visit mediaeval and Gothic Revival architectural sites related to their favourite novels. That American Gothic Revival architecture was closely related to the fictional works of writers such as Radcliffe and Scott is highlighted by a nineteenth-century observer's comments on a Gothic Revival building in New York City. Thomas Aldrich Bailey wro te in 1866 about the University of the City of New York (now New York University; original building demolished) on Washington Square: â€Å"There isn't a more gloomy structure outside of Mrs.Radcliff's [sic] romances, and we hold that few men could pass a week in these lugubrious chambers, without adding a morbid streak to their natures – the genial immates [sic] to the contrary notwithstanding†. Usually, though, the Gothic Revival buildings constructed in the United States in this period were anything but gloomy. Like Strawberry Hill, Davis's designs were light and airy; delicate rather than dark and massive (Davis does begin to experiment more with fortified castle designs in the 1850s).As Janice Schimmelman has argued, Scott's novels recast the Gothic architectural style, moving it away from the barbarism associated with the Middle Ages and toward a more domestic ideal. An American author who wrote at the same time as Scott sums it up nicely by saying, â€Å"A cast le without a ghost is fit for nothing but to live in†. Certain Gothic work in the Boston neighborhood, by Solomon Willard and Gridley Bryant, has a kind of brutal power because of its simple granite treatment.But these early gray and lowering edifices, despite their pointed windows and their primitive tracery, are scarcely within the true Gothic tenor. That remained almost unknown in this country until suddenly, between 1835 and 1850, it was given abundant expression in the work of three architects -Richard Upjohn, James Renwick, and Minard Lafever. Upjohn, in Trinity Church, set a tradition for American church architecture which has hardly died yet; and Renwick, in Grace Church in New York (see photo), showed the exquisite richness that Gothic could give.Minard Lafever's work is more daring, more original, and less correct, but in the Church of the Holy Trinity in Brooklyn (see photo), only slightly later than Trinity and Grace, he achieved a combination of lavish detail, ima ginative variations on Gothic themes, and a general effectiveness of proportion and composition which make it one of the most successful, as it is certainly the most American, of all these early Gothic Revival churches.Yet even in these, correct as they were in detail, beautiful in mass and line, there was always a certain sense of unreality. The old tradition of integrity in structure, on which the best Greek Revival architects had so insistently based their work, was breaking down. Romanticism, with its emphasis on the effect and its comparative lack of interest in how the effect was produced, was sapping at the whole integral basis of architecture.These attractive Gothic churches were, all of them, content with lath-and-plaster vaults. In them the last connections between building methods and building form disappeared, and in their very success they did much to establish in America the disastrous separation between engineering and architecture which was to curse American building for two generations.The best of the American Gothic work remains in its simpler, its less ostentatious, monuments: the little churches in which wood was allowed frankly to be itself, as in the small frame chapels which Upjohn designed for country villages and distant mission stations; and the frank carpenter Gothic of the picturesque high-gabled cottages which rose so bewitchingly embowered in heavy trees along many of our Eastern village streets. The polychrome Victorian Gothic of England also became a brief American fashion.A number of architects, especially in New York and later in early Chicago, fell under the spell of Ruskin's persuasive writing, and sought as he did to create a modern, freely designed, inventive, nineteenth-century Gothic. But here also the strings that bound America and England seemed too tenuous to hold for long; and in spite of the occasional appealing successes of the style – such as the old National Academy of Design with its black-and-white marbl e front, designed by Peter B.Wight, and some of Renwick's city houses – the Victorian Gothic was doomed in America to swift disintegration into the cheapest and most illogical copying of its most obvious mannerisms, and a complete negation of its essential foundations. It became in a sense a caricature, to be rapidly swallowed up in the confusion of eclecticism which the last quarter of the century brought with it. If we might sum up French Gothic as architecture of clear and structural power, and English as the architecture of personalized rural charm, American Gothic would be the architecture of experimental and dynamic zest.American Gothic architecture was much more than the solution of building problems; it was also the expression of a new America that had been gradually coming into being – a new America which was the result of the gradual decay of the feudal system under the impact of trade, prosperity, and the growth of national feeling. The Gothic Revival in Ame rica was more a matter of intellectual approach than of architectural work. The sudden new enthusiasm for medieval work made all America passionately aware of its amazing architectural wealth, and also acutely conscious of the disintegration which threatened ruin to so many of the medieval structures.Nowhere did the Gothic Revival have a greater and a more revolutionary effect than in America, which had given it its first expression, for nowhere else were the forces behind it so irresistibly strong. In Germany, nationalism had led the architects of the romantic age into the byways of Romanesque and of Renaissance. In France, the strong classic traditions of the Ecole des Beaux Arts held firm against all the attacks of the romanticists and gave, at least to the official work, the requisite classic stamp.But, in America, religious fervor, so closely allied to the desires of the court and the government, made the drive toward Gothic design irrepressible, and there was no academic and c lassic tradition powerful enough to withstand it. Furthermore, the movement was blessed with extremely brilliant and articulate writers, who had the gift not only of interesting the specialist but of moving the general population. Gothic architecture was best now because it was the most Christian, later because it was the most creative and least imitative, then again because it was the most honest – whatever that might mean.The religious facets of the movement had an even greater importance. The whole American church was exercised more and more about the fundamental problems of ritualism and historical tradition. The most important ecclesiastical thinkers were reacting against the routine secularism of the eighteenthcentury church, demanding not only greater seriousness and a more intense devotion to Christian ideals, but also expressing their conviction that the medieval church had been a vital force and medieval devotion a vivid experience that had been subsequently lost, a nd that therefore the easiest way to reform the church was by a return to medievalism.Of the religious controversies these ideas aroused it is not necessary to particularize. Also important is the fact that everywhere these religious controversies focused attention on medieval church architecture, and that there was the closest relationship between architecture and ritual. Therefore, the theory went, if it was necessary to return to the medieval conception of Christianity, it was equally essential to return to medievalism in church design. There more subtle factor behind the Gothic Revival in architecture.The word â€Å"romanticism† has accumulated so many different meanings in the course of a century of criticism that it is necessary to be more precise. Behind the new interest in medieval architecture went a search for emotional expression which was a new thing. Romanticism means many more things than mere antiquarianism, for from the point of view of a mere turn to the past the Classic Revivals might also be considered romantic; but, as we have seen, the architects of the Classic Revival were striving primarily for form which should be serene, well composed, consistent, harmonious, adequate.The true romanticist is not satisfied with this. He demands more; he demands that architecture shall be â€Å"expressive† – that is, that it shall aim definitely at expressing specific emotions such as religious awe, grandeur, gaiety, intimacy, sadness. He seeks to make architecture as expressive and as personal as a lyric poem, and oftentimes this demand for emotional expression he makes superior to any other claims.All architecture is expressive; but, whereas the classic architect allows the expression to arise naturally from forms developed in the common-sense solution of his problem, the true romantic seeks expression first, with a definite self-conscious urge. To the romantic architect of the mid-nineteenth century, Romanesque and Gothic had some how come to seem more emotional than the other styles. References Andrews, Wayne. American Gothic: Its Origins, Its Trials. Its Triumphs. New York: Random House, 1975. Donoghue, John.Alexander Jackson Davis, Romantic Architect, 1803-1892. New York: Arno Press, 1982. Dunlap, William. â€Å"History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States. 1834. † Vol. 3. Ed. Alexander Wyckoff. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1965. Early, James. Romanticism and American Architecture. New York: A. S. Barnes, 1965. Latrobe, Benjamin Henry. â€Å"The Virginia Journais of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1795-1798. † Vol. 1. Ed. Edward C. Carter II. New Haven: Yale UP, 1977. Lougy, Robert E. Charles Robert Maturin. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1975.Pierson, William H. , Jr. American Buildings and Their Architects: Technology and the Picturesque, The Corporate and the Early Gothic Styles. 1978. Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1980. Robertson, Fiona. Legitimate Histories: Scott; Gothic, and the Authorities of Fiction. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Schimmelman, Janice Gayle. The Spirit of the Gothic: The Gothic Revival House in Nineteenth-Century America. Diss. U of Michigan, 1980. Snadon, Patrick. A. J. Davis and the Gothic Revival Castle in America, 1832-1865. Diss. Cornell U, 1988.

Final Project Report

GUIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that ASHISH RANA from M. B. A. 4rd semester bearing university roll number -611012045 has completed his Final project Report under my guidance. Project Guide (MR. NAVEEN SIR) Signatur ABSTRACT â€Å"A study on the customer perception of mobile phone service providers with special reference to BSNL† is a project aimed at studying the competitive position of BSNL, the strength and weakness of BSNL’s competitors, accessing the present level of service provided by BSNL and identifying the areas which require attention by BSNL for improving its services.The type of research undertaken for the study was descriptive research and the sampling design used is stratified proportionate random sampling. The sample size was 100. The target respondents were the customers of AIRTEL, AIRCEL, BSNL, and RELIANCE in a proportionate number. The data was collected using a standardized questionnaire, through the interview mode. From the analysis it was fou nd that AIRTEL and AIRCEL are the main competitors for BSNL.AIRTEL’s promotional campaign has played a significant role in attracting customers and its huge amount of value added services and add-on card features has also added to its success. AIRCEL’s call tariff and its early entry into the market and its SMS facilities has made customers choose its service. It is also found that the good network coverage, call tariff and roaming facilities are the strengths of BSNL whereas SMS charges, poor customer care, lack of value added services, lack of effective promotional campaigns and high network congestion are some of BSNL’s weakness.It is found from the analysis that the awareness of the schemes that BSNL introduce is not known to the public. The study has also revealed that there are small proportions of BSNL customers who are not satisfied with the services that BSNL offers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express our acknowledgement a deep sense of gratitude for rendering valuable assistance and guidance to us by the following personalities for successful completion of our research project. I am highly indebted to Mr. Naveen Sir (Sr.Lecturer), department of management: Sri Sai University Palampur (H. P) for assigning us interesting task. I have fortunate enough to have him as a wonderful guide and for her personal encouragement, prompt assistance, constructive criticism, valuable interest, guidance and supervision in completing our project report successfully. . The experience was novel one and we would like to thank all the people who have lent their valuable time for the recording of the data and completion of the report. Without their consideration it would have been difficult to complete the study.Ashish Rana TABLE OF CONTENTS |Certificate i | |Acknowledgement iiii | |Table of contents iv | |Sr. No. |Name of Chapters |Page No. | | | | |1 |EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |05-06 | |2 |OBJECTIVES |07 | |3 |METHODOLOGY |08 | |4 |COMPANY PROFILE |09-18 | |5 |VISION AND MISION |19 | |6 |STRATICS |20-23 | |7 |SYNOPSIS |24-31 | |8 |COMPITITORS |32-37 | |9 |DATA ANAYSISES AND INTERPRETATION |38-48 | |10 |CONCLUSION & REFERENCE |49-53 | | | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Spending a period of three weeks with the project â€Å"A STUDY ON THE CUSTOMER PERCEPTION OF MOBILE PHONE SERVICE PROVIDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BSNL† was really a very interesting time for me . The way I received the views of the people in different areas of PALAMPUR (H. P. division made me to realize that practical experience is much different from theoretical knowledge. I was in direct selling and, I realized that it is very difficult to understand the behavior of customers. I am saying this because even though I was associated with a brand, sometimes it was difficult to convince the custom BSNL has a Quality management system which is demonstrated through its ability to consistently provide product and services that meets customer and applicable reg ulatory requirements. It aims to enhance customer satisfaction through its effective services B. S. N. L was born free, a force unleashed into the market with a relentless and unwavering determination to succeed.A spirit charged with energy and creativity and a team driven â€Å"to seize the day† with an ambition to become the most globally admired telecom service. B. SNL after just few years has risen to the pinnacle of achievement. As India's leading telecommunications company serving over 33 million customers the brand has played the role as a major catalyst in India's reforms, contributing to its economic resurgence. Today it touch people’s lives with its Mobile services to connect India's leading 1000+ corporate , empower them through Broadband services and connect Indians living in USA with the call home service. The strong product line from BSNL in Corporate Connections, customer friendly service and national distribution strength.Have helped in making BSNL the most preferred brand of mobile service provider in corporate world The telecom sector is witnessing a tough competition, with every major players (Reliance, Hutch in corporate) having a range of products, with the entry of Vodafone, it will become more tough. Despite of various difficulties and limitations faced during my research report project I tried myself to gain as much experience of marketing because Marketing is a very crucial activity in every business organization. Every product produced within an industry has to be marketed other wise it will remain as unsold stock, which will be of no value. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study/project as follows: ? To identify the features that encourages customers to avail services from mobile service providers. To evaluate various features provided by mobile service providers to identify their USP. ? To assess the present level of service provided by BSNL and compare the same with its competitors. ? To identify new are as which require attention by BSNL for attaining customer delight. ? To evaluate the strength and weakness of competitors of BSNL and to furnish recommendations for meeting the competition. LIMITATIONS ? The sample size of 100 respondents may not be representative of the entire population. ? The respondents consisted of various classes of people with varying levels of education, hence during the interview process the language and words that was used to ask the question was modifies suitably.This might have made the respondents interpret the question in a different fashion, Hence there is a possibility of bias. ? The linking or loyalty of the respondents to a particular service provider might have made them to respond in a biased manner. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PRIMARY DATA: ? Data collected from sample of 250 people in Palampur involved in different professions by questionnaire method ? Data collected by visiting BSNL Retail. SECONDARY DATA: ? Data Collected from Internet. ? Informatio n received from various pamphlets, brochures and journals of BSNL. TYPE OF RESEARCH: Quantitative research Quantitative research is generally associated with the positivist/post positivist paradigm.It usually involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn. COMPANY PROFILE Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Within a span of five years it has become one of the largest public sector units in India. BSNL has more than 2. 5 million WLL subscribers and 2. 5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account Less Internet(CLI).BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. [BSNL] will recruit Management Trainees (External) through competitive examinations to be held on All India basis, on different dates to fill up position of Deputy Manager in Telecom.Operations, Marketing, Finance, HRM & IT. HISTORY The foundation of Telecom Network in India was laid by the British sometime in 19th century. The history of BSNL is linked with the beginning of Telecom in India. In 19th century and for almost entire 20th century, the Telecom in India was operated as a Government of India wing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile Post & Telegraph Department (P&T). I n 1975 the Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible for running of Telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai.It is a well known fact that BSNL was carved out of Department of Telecom to provide level playing field to private telecoms. Subsequently in 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for Private Investment, therefore it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing from Operations wing. The Government of India corporatized the operations wing of DoT on October 01, 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). BSNL operates as a public sector. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Corporate structure of BSNL Board consists of CMD & Five full time Directors Human Resource Development (HRD), Planning & New Services, Operations, Finance and Commercial & Marketing, who manages the entire gamut of BSNL operations .There are five other Directors in the full Board of BSNL CMD- Mr. Kuldeep Goyal [pic] Shri Kuldeep Goyal has joined as Director (Plg. ) on BSNL Board on 1st May, 2007. He is an Engineering graduate from IIT Roorkee. He joined the Indian Telecommunication Service in 1972. He is having vast experience in telecom field and had worked in all disciplines such as planning, installation, operation and maintenance of wire line and wireless services, data services, computerization of various activities in the telecom network and provision of value added services. He has served in various parts of the India viz. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Mumbai etc.He was also deputed to foreign project at Yemen through Telecommunication Consultants India Ltd. In his previous assignment as Chief General Manager, Maharashtra, from October, 2005 to April, 2007, he was overall in charge for monitoring of operations, planning and expansion of telecom network of the largest circle of BSNL and contributed to rapid growth of telecom network in Maharashtra and Goa states during this period. Prior to that, he was working as Executive Director, MTNL, Mumbai from December, 2004 to October, 2005. He was responsible for rapid growth of GSM Network of MTNL Mumbai more than doubling the connections during this short period, taking market share of MTNL Mumbai from 8. 93% in December, 2004 to 15. % in October, 2005, in just 10 months against stiff competition.. Broadband service was also started in January, 2005, building up a customer base of 40,000 by October, 2005 in just 9 month. He has delivered a number of talks on various topics relating to Telecom for GSM Association, Institute of Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Telecommunications Engineers, CII, DD and AIR. He published many articles in ‘Telecommunications' Journal on topics viz. ‘Telecommunication Industry at a glance', ‘Universal access -An international perspective' and ‘Trade in Telecommunications'.H e was also a Member of National Working Group of ITU- T Study Group 2 on operational aspect of service provision, networks and performance of telecom networks and participated in meeting of ITU-T Study Group 2 at Geneva. He was also a member of Telecommunication Committee of Indian Merchants Chambers, Mumbai. In his present assignment, Shri Goyal would be responsible for ensuring planning and execution of strategy for expansion of BSNL network to achieve the targets set by the Government for 2010. Director (Operations)- Shri J. R. Gupta [pic] Shri J. R. Gupta is an Electrical Engineer, graduated from Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh in 1971 securing first rank in the Punjab University.He joined the Indian Telecom Service of the DOT through a country wide competitive examination in December 1972. During the last more than 33 years, he held various important & responsible positions in the DOT. He has worked for installation/commissioning of Telecom Transmission Projects, Plannin g, Network Operations and Maintenance, Human Resource Development, Regulatory Affairs, and Licensing and Standardization. Before joining the BSNL Board, as Senior Dy. Director General, he was heading the Telecom Engineering Center of DOT, which is a reputed institution that works on Telecom Standardization, Engineering, and evaluation of Telecom Projects, Services and Networks. Shri J. R.Gupta has joined the BSNL Board as Director (Operations) on 02-11-2005. His main thrust is on improving the Systems and Methods so as to achieve Optimal Performance of BSNL's extensive country-wide (except Delhi and Mumbai Metros) Infrastructure and Network. He is also responsible for short-term and long-term business interests of the Company, particularly; Customer Satisfaction by way of ensuring timely, satisfactory and quality services, coordination with field units, successful implementation of New Technologies and Services through proper monitoring, and providing world class integrated Telecom Services in the highly competitive environment. Director (Finance)- Shri S. D. Saxena [pic]Shri S. D.Saxena has taken over as Director (Finance) in BSNL on 03. 04. 2002. Shri Saxena holds an excellent academic record. He is M. Sc. (Physics) and MBA (Financial Management). Winner of many awards and medals, he was awarded Chancellor's Gold Medal for being the most outstanding student in the Agra University in the year 1967. Prior to joining the Government of India through the IAS, etc. examination of 1972 he was a lecturer in Physics at the University of Rajasthan at Jaipur and taught for six years. During this period he was associated with various organizations including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and Atomic Energy. Among the notable assignments of Shri S. D.Saxena, special mention can be made of C-DOT where he was involved in setting up of C-DOT with Shri Sam Pitroda and Padmshri G. B. Meemamsi. He was also Director (F) in the E-10 B Project for induction of Elect ronic Switching System in Indian Telecom Network. He was IFA of Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. for 7 years and was actively involved in the GDR Issue, rated as one of the best GDRs brought out by an Indian Corporate including private companies. He was a member of Rakesh Mohan Infrastructure Committee which made significant recommendations for the growth and development of Indian infrastructure sector. Shri Saxena has been an acting Member of the Study Group III under the aegis of International Telecommunication Union.He was the Chairman of the Special Rapporteur Group of Study Group III for telecommunication statistics which made significant contributions for the presentation of telecom statistics on a Global scale Director (Planning & New Services)- Mr. A. K. Sinha [pic]Mr. A. K. Sinha joined the Indian Telecommunication Service of Govt of India in the year 1969. He is B. Sc (Engineering) from MIT Muzaffarpur. Prior to joining Indian Telecom Service he worked as a Lecturer at Bihar College of Engineering, Patna. Mr.. Sinha has wide experience in installation and commissioning of various switching systems in the network of Calcutta Telephones and Delhi Telephones.While working as Divisional Engineer (Installation), he was instrumental in commissioning first C-400 type Japanese Telephone Exchange in the network of Calcutta Telephones and thereafter in MTNL, Delhi Telephones. Mr. Goyal has got installed C-400 and many Analogue as well as Digital Telephone Exchanges. Mr. Sinha has worked as General Manager (Dev) in MTNL Corporate Office as well as MTNL Delhi Telephones. He has taken extensive training both within the country and abroad in various Telecom Switching Systems and many other important fields of Telecommunications. He has also worked for three years on deputation to the Telecom Department of Government of Nigeria as Principal Engineer Training. Mr.Goyal has worked as Chief General Manager of Andaman and Nicobar Island Telecom Circle and Jharkhand Telec om Circle. Mr. Sinha joined as CMD BSNL on 16. 09. 2004. Prior to joining as CMD, he was working as Sr. DDG (Switching) in BSNL Corporate Office Director (HRD) – Shri Niranjan Singh. [pic] Shri Niranjan Singh joined the Indian Telecommunication Service of Government of India in the year 1971. He is B. Sc. (Electrical Engineering) from Aligarh Muslim University with specialization in communications. Prior to joining Department of Telecommunications, he worked with U. P. State Electricity Board for two years. While serving, he did MBA degree in Financial Management.During more than 35 years of service in Department of Telecommunications and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited in various capacities, he acquired wide experience for operations, maintenance and development of network, personnel, financial, commercial and marketing, project implementation, regulatory affairs, signing and implementation of various agreements with other parties. He was actively involved in legal affairs of MTNL in various fields, public relations and coordination with other utility agencies. Shri Singh was deputed to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as Senior Engineer-cum-Quality Surveyor for Telecom Operations and maintenance projects of Eastern Province and also as Project Director of Saudi Telecom external plant expansion turnkey project in the capital city of Riyadh during 1985-90.Shri Singh has visited countries like USA, UK, Germany, Sweden Bahrain, Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong to get exposure of management of telecom systems at international level. Before joining as Director (HRD), Mr. Singh held the charge of Chief General Manager (South) and Principal Chief General Manager (Operations) in MTNL, Delhi. Shri Singh joined as Director (HRD) on 1st May 2005. He is responsible for formulating and implementing policies pertaining to Establishment, personnel, industrial relations, training, restructuring and other HR related affairs. Corporate Philosophy [pic] VISION ? To become the largest telecom Service Provider in Asia. MISION ? To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom services to its customers on demand at competitive prices. ? To provide world class elecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to contribute to the growth of the country's economy. STATISTICS The country's top telecom company, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) has been having a rough run for some time. For each step forward, it has been pushed back two steps. Just when it thought it had cleared the air on its scaleddown 23 million line GSM tender, Bharti Airtel delivered it a fresh blow. In August this year, the private operator unceremoniously unseated BSNL from its leadership position as the largest integrated telecom operator in the country (in subscriber terms), pushing ahead with 78. 7 million subscribers against BSNL's 77. 2 million. That must hurt.For the one-time monopoly service provider, and the largest telecom company in terms of both subscriber numbers (mob ile, fixed and internet and broadband) and revenues, the upstaging by Airtel has somewhat bruised its image. Though it is still the largest operator in revenue terms, its slow growth is worrying – a point also noted by communications and IT minister A. Raja recently. This is not to say that BSNL is not a canny operator. But as a state-run entity, it finds its hands tied when it comes to taking decisions. Its operations are subjected to bureaucratic delays, interference and controversy. Every issue needs to pass through multiple levels before it is cleared. This is time-consuming and certainly not the best way to deal with competition. The government's latest intention of merging loss-making equipment maker ITI with BSNL is a case in point.Analysts say this is not a â€Å"smart move at all†. On the one hand, the government has expressly asked the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to work out a strategy to restore BSNL's market position, and on the other, it is sugg esting a merger with a loss-making entity, which will only impact BSNL's financial health further. As it is, the company's financials have been slipping over the years. Though on a strong wicket compared to other operators, in financial year 2007-08, BSNL's revenue (provisional) dropped to Rs 370 billion from Rs 397. 15 billion in the previous year. Its profit after tax (PAT) too slipped, from Rs 78. 06 billion to Rs 45 billion during the same period.Therefore, in the event of a merger, ITI's accumulated losses of Rs 25 billion would only put an additional burden on BSNL's financials. â€Å"This would be the last straw on the camel's back,† points out Sridhar Pai, CEO of consulting firm Tonse Telecom. â€Å"This should not be allowed at any cost. The world is now in a different mode and operators have a full-time job in building their brand and managing subscriber expectations. Why burden them with an ailing equipment vendor that has been surviving on subsidies and handouts from the centre? † BSNL couldn't agree more. It has reportedly informed Raja that a merger with ITI does not bring any synergies to the table. BSNL is a service provider and ITI is a manufacturing company. And no service provider is manufacturing its own equipment because it wants to source the best equipment at the best prices by exploring various options. Tying up with only one equipment manufacturer or manufacturing only one particular equipment may not be commercially producing the best out of BSNL,† says Kuldeep Goyal, CMD, BSNL. Goyal, who took over the helm in 2007, finds his hands very full. BSNL's previously dominant position in all areas of operation, except rural telephony, internet and broadband, is being threatened by unrelenting competition. It is certainly more vulnerable than it was even two years ago.In 2002, when BSNL launched mobile services, it took the market by storm, giving the older, private operators a run for their money. It matched their servic e offerings and competitive tariffs and soon became a contender for the top slot. By early 2006, it had 20 million customers and 25 per cent market share. Then the slide began. The company was faced with a huge capacity crunch with the last major network expansion having been undertaken in 2005. By late 2006, subscriber additions had hit an all-time low. Subsequent expansion plans were either stalled or delayed. Its mobile business, operating on a highly overburdened network, ran to the ground.Today, BSNL, with 38. 49 million mobile subscribers, trails way behind private telecom majors such as Bharti Airtel (75 million subscribers as of August 2008), Reliance Communications (RCOM) (54. 29 million) and Vodafone Essar (52. 76 million). In the wireline segment too, BSNL has been losing subscribers – though that is true of all landline operators. However, BSNL being the largest operator with over 80 per cent market share is probably the most impacted. What's worse is that this sl ide is expected to continue. Meanwhile, the company has been hit by the phasing out of access deficit charges, a revenue share it received from other operators.The regulator is also talking about a downward revision in termination charges, which will bring down BSNL' revenues further as most calls terminate on its network [pic] BRAND NAMES OF BSNL SERVICES ? Following are the approved brand names of †¢ CORPORATE SIGNATURE : †¢ POSTPAID CELLULAR SERVICE: [pic] †¢ PRE-PAID CELLULAR SERVICE: [pic] SYNOPSIS. This article deals with the miracle shared vision can do to the organization. Vision concept and philosophy at an individual as well as organization level has been discussed. It also covers importance and driving force of vision in Marketing strategies, Selling, Business Development, Market share etc.Various marketing trends have been mentioned. It is an effort to share vision with one and all. 1. Introduction. Our visions begin with our desires. – Audre Lorde We all have some visions of ourselves and our future, and that vision creates consequences. More than any other factor, vision affects the choices we make and the way we spend our time. Visions drive consequences. Principles drive results. Key is to base vision on principles. – Stephen R Covey. It is true for individuals as well as organizations. The strongest form of vision / motivation is to base vision on â€Å"What Legacy we want to leave. † And to achieve it we must take a principled centered path.History is full of examples that many organizations have vanished grown and vanished overnight as their path to achieve vision was not based on principled way Vision of the organization can only be translated into reality, if it is shared by one and all. The best way to implement is to involve them in formulation. But even if it is conceived by higher management then it has to be explained to each and every individual of the organization, otherwise it may remain as a sho wpiece. 2. Marketing Objective. The ultimate objective of any marketing activity is to satisfy the customers and today even a step ahead i. e. ‘delighting’ the customers, for which customers are offered something beyond their expectations from the service or the product. The objective being to acquire and retain the customers, who should continually feel that they are getting more value of the money, they are departing with.Marketing is the establishment, development, maintenance and optimization of long-term mutually valuable relationships between consumers and organization. Successful Marketing focuses on understanding the needs and desires of the customers and is achieved by placing these needs at the heart of business by integrating them with the organization strategy, people, technology and business processes. At its most basic, Marketing involves customers, organizations and relationships and the combination creates the need for the management. In simple words it implies a buyer, a seller, bonded by the mutual need, satisfying offer and a medium/process to exchange the offer. 3. Marketing Process.We often talk of marketing & Sales and often use it interchangeably without understanding the difference in it. Marketing is everything we do to get and leverage a client relationship. Marketing process is broad and includes all of the following: – †¢ Discovering what product, service or idea customers want. †¢ Producing a product with the appropriate features and Quality. †¢ Pricing the product correctly. †¢ Promoting the product; spreading the word about why customers should buy it. 4. Contrasting the Sales Concept with the Marketing Concept:- The concepts surrounding both selling and marketing also differ. There is a need for both selling and marketing approaches in different situations.One approach is not always right and the other always wrong – it depends upon the particular situation. In a marketing approach, more listening to and eventual accommodation of the target market occurs. Two-way communication (sometimes between a salesperson and a customer) is emphasized in marketing so learning can take place and product offerings can be improved. The 7Ps for service marketing (Product, price, place, promotion, physical evidence, people & process) are the means to attain, nurture, & retain the customers and not the end. 5. Mission & Vision. Here is a test to find whether Your mission on earth is finished: If you are alive, it isn’t. Richard Bach.Most of the big companies have a Vision & Mission statement so as to guide their all energy, efforts to realize it. BSNL also has a vision ‘To become the largest Telecom Service provider in South East Asia’. Firstly we need to understand the parameter for being the largest. Is it revenue, ARPU, profit, subscribers, Network (no of exchanges, BTS etc)? From monopoly to multi operator scenario, BSNL’s market share is bound to reduce. But how much down we will let it? There are lot of similarities between British Telecom & us. One must keep watch on market share in monthly growth and take timely action. To improve our share, we need to acquire more than 50% of new acquisitions while maintaining earlier. This is Q. ite challenging in this dynamic environment. Today landline base is reducing across globe, but why? Europe defines an operator with 25% or more market share as Significant market Power (SMP), while they intend to increase it largest operator and we must strive not only to maintain but enhance it. We need to act fast. Timely action is an essence What should be our marketing Vision, will it help us in inspiring to achieve higher. Can it be something such as â€Å"To retain the highest market share, build highest brand equity and maximizing the profits? † 6. Brand Equity. We may think what is Brand equity? In simple words it is how far people are willing to pay if we increase our prices i. e . remium for our services. We may feel happy to say there is lot of black marketing of our SIM cards. Is it a healthy sign? We reduce prices when competitors launch new schemes. Does it imply poor brand equity? Brand Equity can be built with good equity of Quality of services at the affordable price. Continuous innovation in product and delivery of services with the appropriate pricing is the key strategy for developing the trust in customer so that he keeps his loyalty with BSNL. We have to be first mover in our efforts for product and price differentiation. Presently the market is in growth phase and price could be a differentiating factor, but how long?Is any scope left for further cuts? Ultimately it is the Quality, customer care, and timely availability apart from price, which will matter. What is USP (Unique Selling Proposition) for BSNL? A Government company which delivers. A government company which gives service better than private could be a deadly combination, which no co mpetitor can copy. 7. Social Responsibility. B. S. N. L. the most trusted telecom brand in year 2003 & 2004. We have been given Golden Peacock award for Best Corporate Social responsibility. How can we leverage these distinctions? These achievements need to be highlighted through public relation exercise like press meet.This will help us in building our marketing image. In sales and distribution front though we have over one-lakh retailers, 1000 franchisees, 3300 CSCs, 36000 exchanges why are we not visible like others? Why can’t we utilize all possible space? Can’t we leverage our franchisee and STD-PCO strengths? Can we make these outlets as our core strength? Why our recharge coupons, India Telephone Cards are in shortage when there is no capacity constraint? Does it imply that our planning for printing, inventory management, logistics, and supply chain and of course franchisee management is inefficient? Do we have targets for these just like DELs & Cell One?Why can ’t we leverage this huge network for better customer care and improve collection efficiency? We must realize that with waiver of security deposits, no OYT schemes, no advance rentals, adjustment of landline security for Cell One, we don’t get fixed deposits to meet our funds requirements. Everything has to be met from Operating revenues. We need to improve collections, realize bills early, not on the last day of payment and reduce bad debts. We need to provide 24X7 culture in our organization, though we have been providing operation and maintenance on 24X7 basis in the past and we will continue to provide in future too, but what about provisioning customer care and marketing on 24X7 basis? 8.Business Development. Business development units have been given the task to develop and nurture long-term relations with corporate houses. Many MoUs have been signed. Bulk bills are being issued. One-point payments are being realized for multiple service locations. Key Account Man ager concept has been introduced. All this requires change of mindset in addition to the skills of marketing & sales. Do we have skilled manpower? Is our organization setup apt for better results? The staff expense to revenue ratio could be a good indicator. No doubt our revenues are up. Profit has increased. But consider the marketing budget we have in comparison to others.Even with this little budget many circles are unable to utilize it. We need to probe ourselves. Corporate office has permitted delegation of up to 70% of Circle budget to SSAs. Does it mean that our budget planning is wrong? How should we allocate marketing budget and which parameter to weigh? †¢ Per DEL/Mobile †¢ Acquisition cost †¢ Life time value †¢ Competitor spend †¢ Growth targets 9. Life Time Value You can’t give people pride, but you can provide the kind of understanding that makes people look to their inner strength and find their own sense of pride. – Charleszetta Waddles. It is high time we learn fast, groom ourselves, improve our mindset and act fast.Business perspective is equally important as excellence in Telecom operations, maintenance, and installations & planning. Our core competence should be telecom business acumen and not just traditional expertise developed over the 10. Summary Vision is set in the Boardroom but realized in the battlefield. Each and every customers has to continuously lead this battle to be victorious. The corporate office is always willing to provide all resources. Together we can realize our vision. CAPITAL OUTLET OF BSNL Cumulative Capital Outlay BSNL had Gross fixed assets of over Rs 1,11,692 crores (US $ 25. 12 Billion) as on 31-03-2006. [pic] CAPITAL INVESTMENT Annual Capital Investment in the network has increased from Rs. 85 crores (US$ 0. 18 billion) in 1986-87 to over Rs. 6838 crores ( US $ 1. 53 billion) in 2005-06. This investment has been financed mainly by the internal accruals. [pic] COMPETITORS [pi c] Type Public, Listed on BSE Founded 1985 HeadQ. uarters [pic] New Delhi, India Key people [pic] Sunil Mittal Industry Telecom Products Mobile and Fixed-Line Telecommunication operator Revenue [pic]USD 3. 66 billion Website http://www. Bharti. com Bharti Airtel, formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited (BTVL) is among India's largest mobile phone and Fixed Network operators.With more than 40 million subscriptions as of May 2007, the company is one of the world's fastest growing telecom companies. It offers its mobile services under the Airtel brand and is headed by Sunil Mittal, India's sixth richest men with a total worth of US$6. 9 billion. The company is the only operator to provide mobile services in all the 23 circles in India. The company also provides telephone services and Internet access over DSL in 14 circles. The company complements its mobile, broadband & telephone services with national and international long distance services. The company also has a submarine ca ble landing station at Chennai, which connects the submarine cable connecting Chennai and Singapore.The company provides reliable end-to-end data and enterprise services to the corporate customers by leveraging its nationwide fiber optic backbone, last mile connectivity in fixed-line and mobile circles, VSATs, ISP and international bandwidth access through the gateways and landing station. [pic] Airtel is a brand of telecommunication services in India operated by Bharti Airtel. Airtel is the largest cellular service provider in India in terms of number of subscribers. Bharti Airtel owns the Airtel brand and provides the following services under the brand name Airtel: Mobile Services (using GSM Technology), Broadband & Telephone Services (Fixed line and Internet Connectivity), Long DistanceServices and Enterprise Services (Telecommunications Consulting for corporate). Leading international telecommunication companies such as Vodafone and SingTel hold partial stakes in Bharti Airtel. TATA TELESERVICES Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL) is part of the Tata Group of Companies, an Indian Conglomerate. The company forms part of the Tata Group's presence in the Telecommunication Industry in India, along with Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited (TTML) and VSNL. IDEA CELLULAR Idea cellular is a wireless telephony company operating in various states in India. It initially started in 1995 as a join venture between the Tatas, Aditya Birla Group and AT by merging Tate Cellular and Birla AT Communications.Commons: Image: Idea Cellular logogriph created by User: Karan deshmukh9005. Initially having a very limited footprint in the GSM arena, the acquisition of Escorted in 2004 gave Idea a truly pan-India presence covering Maharashtra (excluding Mumbai), GAO, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh (East and West), Haryana, Kerala, Rajasthan and Delhi (inclusive of NCR). MARKETING OF MOBILE PHONES The communication has become so important in the w orld of today that it provides a ground for success almost in all fields of human interactions, communications is the sum things that one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of other. It is a bridge of the meaning.It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding. Recent developments in the field of communication have revolutionized the style of human being in the society. The telephones and mobile phones have become the necessities of daily life. The two instruments play an important role in the business profession and in jobs as well. Through India is a developing country but it has successfully converted its capacity to realities in the field of human interactions/ communication. Some specific group (businessman, professionals, customers) enjoy the facilities of mobile phones and instrument is becoming more popular with the passage of time.Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and some other private companies like Airtel and Reliance are working in the field of providing the facilities to the common people. The instruments manufactured by the national and foreign companies are in the market. The urban population is their target customers in the unaware of the benefits of the mobile phones in day to day life, therefore some specific methods of marketing are required to make the mobile phones an article of daily use in the rural areas. AVILABILITY OF MOBILE HANDSETS IN PALAMPUR Two basic things required for the use of mobile & landline phones by the people of a particular area are:- 1. Availability of mobile & landline phones sets 2.Availability of land line connections as well as WLL signals in the areas. As it has already been discussed that there are 78 Gram Panchayat and one municipality in Pratapgarh Sub-Division. In this area main two companies are providing land line connection and WLL signal to the people and these are:- 1) Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (B. S. N. L. ) The B. S. N. L. has providing sim cards of mobile telephony to 120,000 customers as on 31 March 2009 under prepaid and postpaid facility. 32400 customers has been provided prepaid connections facility and 87,600 customers has preferred for postpaid services. At the time Following schemes of recharging are implemented by B. S. N. L. †¢ Rs. 331 (Talk value Rs. 75) (Period 30 days +15 days) †¢ Rs. 551 (Talk value Rs. 361) (Period 45 days +15 days) †¢ Rs. 1102 (Talk value Rs. 822) (Period 120 days +15 days) †¢ Rs. 2204 (Talk value Rs. 2000) (Period 180 days + 15 days) †¢ Rs. 3306 (Talk value Rs. 3000) (Period 365 days +15 days) (2)Airtel:- The Airtel has provided connections to 30,000 customers. Out of these customers 28050 has been provided prepaid sim cards and 1950 customers has Been provided post paid sim cards . Under prepaid sim cards Schemes are implemented by the companies are as follows:- †¢ Rs. 110 (Talk value Rs. 49. 32) (Period 10 days) †¢ Rs. 330 (Talk value Rs. 175) ( Period 30 days) Rs. 660 (Talk value Rs. 473) (Period 45 days) †¢ Rs. 1100 (Talk value Rs. 873) (Period 69 days) †¢ Rs. 3000 (Talk value Rs. 2869) (Period 365 days) DATA ANALYSIS & ITERPRETATION Ques. – Do you posses any Mobile phone? Y N ITERPRETATION:- 54% SAYS YES 46% SAYS NO Ques. – Which operator service do you have? B. S. N. L. AIRTEL RELIAN OTHERS ITERPRETATION:- 39% B. S. N. L. 31% AIRTEL 22% RELIANCE 8% OTHERS Ques. – Are you satisfied with your service? Yes No Can't S ITERPRETATION:- 66% YES 26% NO 8% CAN’T SAY Ques. – How you came to know about your services? TV RADIO NEWSPAP FRIENDS OTHERS ITERPRETATION:- 23% TV 33% RADIO 14% NEWSPAPERS 19% FRIENDS 1% OTHERS Ques. – Are you using prepaid or postpaid connection? PREPAI POSTPA ITERPRETATION:- 73% PREPAID 27% POSTPAID Ques. –Which mode of recharge you will prefer? EASY RECHAR RECHARGE CA ITERPRETATION:- 68% EASY RECHARGE 22% RECHARGE CARD Ques. – Do you think that private co. can offer you better services as compared to BSNL? Y N ITERPRETATION:- 48% SAYS YES 52% SAYS NO Ques. – Are you aware about the different scheme provided by your operator? Y N ITERPRETATION:- 73% SAYS YES 27% SAYS NO FINDINGS The major findings of the study are summarized as follow:- While surveying I got that 54% people have mobile phones and 46% haven’t.Out of total person availing the facility of mobile phones users 39% B. S. N. L. , 31% AIRTEL, 22% RELIANCE, & 8% are OTHERS have opted connections. In 100 people 66% were satisfied, 26% weren’t & 8% says they can’t say because they haven’t any idea about there service provider companies competitors. On analysis it was found that 23% by TV, 33% Radio, 14% Newspaper, 19% Friends, & 11% customers got information about On analysis it was found that 73% customers have got postpaid connections and 27% customers have opted prepaid connections. 52% customers say that B. S. N. L. can offe r better services than private companies because B. S. N. L. has Govt control. In Pratapgarh (U. P. ) sub-division B. S. N. L. as provided connection to 5000 customers and Airtel has provided connection to 3950 customers. In the area the sim cards of B. S. N. L. and Airtel are recharged at 10 places and 6 places respectively. The services were provided by B. S. N. L. and Airtel in 2003 in this sub-division and after that a considerable increase in the number of customers has been witnessed in the both the companies. A considerable section of the customers (48%) uses the mobile phones because of the reason that by using it , they can have regular contact with their family members . However 30% of the customers said that it helps them in their business/ employment activities. emaining 22% are using for some other reasons. The users were asked to tell â€Å"how the mobile phones can be made popular in the area. The 44% said that signal should be made available in all villages, 48% sai d that B. S. N. L and Airtel should introduced some new schemes of prepaid sim card and 8% of the users were of the view that latest models of different companies should be introduced in the market . On the same question the non-users view point was as follow:- 20% said that some cheap models(product) should be introduced, 66% said that some new schemes on less rate be introduced by B. S. N. L. and Airtel and 14% said that existing schemes should be popularized in the area.The 16% of the sub dealer of the view point that cheapest models should be introduced in the rural market. 28% were of the view point that people should be made aware about the benefits of mobile phones. 32% of the sub-dealers said that some more schemes should be introduced by B. S. N. L. and Airtel and 8% were of the view that latest models should be introduce. SUGGESTION & RECOMMENDATIONS Some efforts should be made at local level to make the mobile phones popular in the area. As the financial range of the rura l population is limited therefore the cheap models should be displayed at market places. The availability of recharging facility is not regular in the area.Some steps should be taken in this direction. Dealer should try to improve their after sale service Some more and cheaper schemes should be started by B. S. N. L. B. S. N. L should try to expand its signal facility as it is not available in many villages of the area Displaying of mobile phones in maximum possible market places is the important factor in this direction CONCLUSION The present study has attempted to candidly review, examine and explore in depth various aspects of customer’s behavior for prepaid & postpaid connection of B. S. N. L. During the course of study, a large number of observations have come to light.The present chapter is aimed at presenting the major findings which emanate from the study and offering some useful suggestions, which have been incorporate in two sections vis, its section first contains major conclusion and finding and section second deals with some useful suggestion QUESTIONNAIRE Ques. 1 – Do you posses any Mobile phone? Ans. a. Yes b. No Ques. 2 – Which operator service do you have? Ans – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Ques. 3 – Are you satisfied with your service? Ans. – a. Yes b. no Ques. 4 – How you came to know about your services? Ans. -a. TV b. Radio c.Newspaper d. Friends e. other Ques. 5 – Are you using prepaid or postpaid connection? Ans- †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Ques 6. –Which mode of recharge you will prefer? Ans- a. Easy recharge b. Recharge coupon Ques 7 – Which services of your operator you like the best? Ans- †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ques. 8 – Do you think that private co. can offer you better services as compared to BSN L? Ans- a. Yes b. no Ques. 9 – Are you aware about the different scheme provided by your operator? Ans- a. Yes b. no Ques. 0 – What type of problem you are facing with your operator? Ans – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ques. 11 – Any suggestion you want to give your operator? Ans – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. www. trai. gov. in 2. Supplement to â€Å"The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicator Report for the Quarter Ending September 2005† (31st January 2006) 3. C. R. Kothari (2004), â€Å"Research Methodology Methods & Techniques†, Second Edition pp 62-64 4. Richard I. Levin and David S. Rubin (2004), â€Å"Statistics for Management†, Seventh Edition pp 568-581 5. Douglas A. Lind, William G. Marchal and Samuel A. Wathen, (McGraw Hill Irwin, 2005), â€Å"Statistical Techniques in Business & Econ omics†, Twelfth Edition pp 556, 564-565 6. Donald R.Cooper and Pamela S. Schinder, (Tata McGraw Hill, 2003),†Business Research Methods†, Eighth Edition pp 596-600 REFERENCES 1. David A. Aker, V Kumar and George S. Day (2002),† Marketing research†, John Wiley & sons , Seventh Edition 2. Kotler Philip(2002), â€Å"Principles of Marketing†, Sultan Chand & company limited, New Delhi Websites: 1. www. coai. com 2. www. dot. gov. in 3. http://www. indiainfoline. com/sect/Telecom_05012006. pdf 4. http://www. trai. gov. in/PressReleases_content. asp? id=118 5. www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/competitoranalysis. html 6. www. bsnl. in 7. www. google. com 8. www. yahoo. com [pic] ———————– [pic] [pic]